The Invention of Radio Technology

The Invention of Radio Technology Radio owes its advancement to two different developments: the message and the telephone. All three advances are firmly related, and radio innovation really started as remote telecommunication. The term radio can allude to either the electronic machine that we tune in with or to the substance that plays from it. Regardless, everything began with the revelation of radio waves-electromagnetic waves that have the ability to transmit music, discourse, pictures, and other information imperceptibly through the air. Numerous gadgets work by utilizing electromagnetic waves, including radios, microwaves, cordless telephones, remote controlled toys, TVs, and that's only the tip of the iceberg. The Roots of Radio Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell originally anticipated the presence of radio waves during the 1860s. In 1886, German physicist Heinrich Rudolph Hertz showed that fast varieties of electric flow could be anticipated into space as radio waves, like light waves and warmth waves. In 1866, Mahlon Loomis, an American dental specialist, effectively showed remote telecommunication. Loomis had the option to make a meter associated with a kite cause a meter associated with another close by kite to move. Thisâ marked the principal known example of remote elevated correspondence. In any case, it was Guglielmo Marconi, an Italian designer, who demonstrated the possibility of radio correspondence. He sent and got his first radio sign in Italy in 1895. In 1899, he flashed the primary remote sign over the English Channel, and after two years got the letter S, which was transmitted from England to Newfoundland (presently part of Canada). This was the main effective transoceanic radiotelegraph message. Notwithstanding Marconi, two of his contemporaries, Nikola Tesla and Nathan Stufflefield, took out licenses for remote radio transmitters. Nikola Tesla is currently attributed with being the main individual to patent radio innovation. The Supreme Court upset Marconis patent in 1943 for Teslas. The Invention of Radiotelegraphy Radiotelegraphy is the sending by radio floods of a similar speck run message (Morse code) utilized by transmits. Transmitters, when the new century rolled over, were known as sparkle hole machines. They were grown predominantly for transport to-shore and boat to-deliver correspondence. This type of radiotelegraphy took into account basic correspondence between two focuses. In any case, it was not open radio telecom as we probably am aware it today. The utilization of remote flagging expanded after it was end up being compelling in correspondence for salvage work adrift. Before long various sea liners even introduced remote gear. In 1899, the United States Army set up remote interchanges with a lightship off Fire Island, New York. After two years, the Navy received a remote framework. Up untilâ then, the Navy had been utilizing visual flagging and homing pigeons for correspondence. In 1901, radiotelegraph administration was set up between five Hawaiian Islands. In 1903, a Marconi station situated in Wellfleet, Massachusetts,â carried a trade between President Theodore Roosevelt and King Edward VII. In 1905, the maritime clash of Port Arthur in the Russo-Japanese war was accounted for by remote. What's more, in 1906, the U.S. Climate Bureau tried different things with radiotelegraphy to accelerate notice of climate conditions. Robert E. Peary, an ice wayfarer, radiotelegraphed I found the Pole in 1909. After a year, Marconi built up ordinary American-European radiotelegraph administration, which a while later empowered a got away from British killer to be secured on the high oceans. In 1912, the first transpacific radiotelegraph administration was established,â linking San Francisco with Hawaii. In the mean time, abroad radiotelegraph administration grew gradually, basically on the grounds that the underlying radiotelegraph transmitter was precarious and caused a high measure of obstruction. The Alexanderson high-recurrence alternator and the De Forest cylinder in the end settled a large number of these early specialized issues. The Advent of Space Telegraphy Lee de Forest was the innovator of room telecommunication, the triode speaker, and the Audion, an enhancing vacuum tube. In the mid 1900s, the improvement of radio was hampered by the absence of a proficient finder of electromagnetic radiation. It was De Forest who gave that indicator. His creation made it conceivable to intensify the radio recurrence signal got by reception apparatuses. This took into account the utilization of a lot more vulnerable signs than had recently been conceivable. De Forest was likewise the main individual to utilize the word radio. The aftereffect of Lee de Forests work was the development of sufficiency regulated or AM radio, which took into account a huge number of radio broadcasts. It was an enormous improvement over the prior sparkle hole transmitters. Genuine Broadcasting Begins In 1915, discourse was first transmitted by radio over the mainland from New York City to San Francisco and over the Atlantic Ocean. After five years, Westinghouses KDKA-Pittsburgh broadcastedâ the Harding-Cox political decision returns and started a day by day calendar of radio projects. In 1927, business radiotelephonyâ service connecting North America and Europe was opened. In 1935, the primary call was made the world over utilizing a blend of wire and radio circuits. Edwin Howard Armstrongâ invented recurrence tweaked or FM radio in 1933. FM improved the sound sign of radio by controlling the clamor static brought about by electrical gear and the earths air. Until 1936, all American transoceanic phone correspondence must be steered through England. That year, an immediate radiotelephone circuit was opened to Paris. In 1965, the first Master FM Antenna systemâ in the world, intended to permit singular FM stations to communicate all the while from one source, was raised on the Empire State Building in New York City.

Holocaust Genealogy - Researching Holocaust Ancestors

Holocaust Genealogy - Researching Holocaust Ancestors It is a pitiful reality that most Jews looking into their families will in the long run find family members who were casualties of the Holocaust. Regardless of whether youre scanning for data about family members who vanished or were slaughtered during the Holocaust, or need to realize whether any family members endure the Holocaust and may have living relatives there are various assets accessible to you. Start your endeavor into Holocaust look into by meeting your living relatives. Attempt to gain proficiency with the names, ages, origination, and last known whereabouts of the individuals you might want to follow. The more data you have, the simpler your pursuit. Search the Yad Vashem Database The significant file place for the Holocaust is Yad Vashem in Jerusalem, Israel. They are a decent initial step for anybody searching for data on the destiny of a Holocaust casualty. They keep up a Central Database of Shoah Victims Names and are likewise endeavoring to report all of the 6,000,000 Jews killed in the Holocaust. These Pages of Testimony report the name, spot and conditions of death, occupation, names of relatives and other data. Furthermore, they remember data for the informations submitter, including his/her name, address and relationship to the expired. More than 3,000,000 Jewish Holocaust casualties have been reported to date. These Pages of Testimony are likewise accessible online as a major aspect of the Central Database of Shoah Victims Names. The International Tracing Service As a large number of Holocaust exiles dissipated all through Europe following World War II, a typical assortment point was made for data about Holocaust casualties and survivors. This data store developed into the International Tracing Service (ITS). Right up 'til today, data on Holocaust casualties and survivors is as yet gathered and scattered by this association, presently a piece of the Red Cross. They keep up a record of data identifying with in excess of 14 individuals influenced by the Holocaust. The most ideal approach to demand data through this administration is to contact the Red Cross in your nation. In the United States, the Red Cross keeps up the Holocaust and War Victims Tracing Center as a help for U.S. inhabitants. Yizkor Books Gatherings of Holocaust survivors and companions and family members of Holocaust casualties made Yiskor books, or Holocaust commemoration books, to memorialize the network where they once lived. These gatherings of people, known as landsmanshaftn, were for the most part involved previous occupants of a specific town. Yizkor books are composed and gathered by these standard individuals to pass on the way of life and sentiment of their life before the Holocaust, and to recall the families and people of their old neighborhood. The convenience of the substance for family ancestry explore fluctuates, yet most Yizkor books contain data on the historical backdrop of the town, alongside names and family connections. You may likewise discover arrangements of Holocaust casualties, individual accounts, photos, maps and drawings. Practically all incorporate a different Yizkor area, with dedication sees recalling and celebrating people and families lost during the war. Most Yizkor books are writt en in Hebrew or Yiddish. Online assets for Yizkor books include: JewishGen Yizkor Book Project - A database of Yizkor books with data on the library that holds each book, an accessible necrology list, and interpretations put together by volunteers. NY Public Library - Yizkor Books Online - incorporates full advanced pictures of 650 of the 700 after war yizkor books in the assortment of The York Public Library. Interface with Living Survivors An assortment of libraries can be discovered online which help associate Holocaust survivors and the relatives of Holocaust survivors. JewishGen Holocaust Global Registry - This vault gives a focal spot to anybody looking through Holocaust survivors, and incorporates the names of survivors and their relatives from everywhere throughout the globe. Dont miss the endearing examples of overcoming adversity put together by clients of the vault! Vault of Holocaust Survivors - The U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. keeps up a refreshed, electronic Registry of survivors. Holocaust Testimonies The Holocaust is one of the most archived occasions in world history, and much can be gained from perusing the narratives of the survivors. Various Web locales incorporate stories, recordings and other direct records of the Holocaust. Voices of the Holocaust - This narrative undertaking by the Illinois Institute of Technology incorporates direct records of the Holocaust gathered by Dr. David Boder in 1946. Declarations of the Holocaust - The USC Shoah Foundation Institute met and gathered declarations from almost 52,000 Holocaust survivors and different observers. The Testimony Catalog is accessible on the web and on CD-ROM, despite the fact that names are overlooked from the online form for security reasons. The inventory incorporates essential true to life data just, including city and nation of birth, strict personality and wartime encounters. The genuine recordings and other information are kept up in the archives.Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies - An assortment of more than 4,300 recorded meetings with witnesses and overcomers of the Holocaust. Some portion of Yale Universitys branch of Manuscripts and Archives. The video interviews are not accessible on the web, yet you can see a few brief d eclaration portions. For additional, progressively point by point data on investigating the individuals of the Holocaust, I energetically prescribe the book How to Document Victims and Locate Survivors of the Holocaust by Gary Mokotoff. A large number of the fundamental how to parts of the book have been set online by the distributer, Avotaynu, and the full book can likewise be requested through them.

Taking Klonopin (Clonazepam) for Panic Disorder

Taking Klonopin (Clonazepam) for Panic Disorder Panic Disorder Treatment Print Taking Klonopin for Panic Disorder By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 22, 2019 Klonopin for panic disorder. Getty Images Credit: alvarez More in Panic Disorder Treatment Symptoms Diagnosis Coping Related Conditions In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Is Klonopin? How Klonopin Treats Panic Disorder Side Effects Is Klonopin Addictive? Precautions View All Back To Top Anti-anxiety medications are often prescribed to help manage panic attacks and other symptoms of panic disorder. Klonopin (clonazepam) is a type of anti-anxiety medication that is often used to treat panic disorder and other conditions. What Is Klonopin? Klonopin is the trade brand name for the drug clonazepam, a type of anti-anxiety medication that is classified as a benzodiazepine. Benzodiazepines, including Klonopin, are often referred to as sedatives or tranquilizers due to their calming, sedating, and tranquilizing effects. Other common benzodiazepines include Xanax (alprazolam), Valium (diazepam), and Ativan (lorazepam). Klonopin and these other benzodiazepines can assist in decreasing the intensity of panic attacks and anxiety. Klonopin is commonly prescribed to treat panic disorder (with or without agoraphobia). Klonopin has anticonvulsant properties, making it an effective drug in the treatment of epilepsy and certain types of seizures. It has also been approved for the treatment of anxiety disorders, anxiety associated with bipolar disorder, and other conditions. How Klonopin Treats Panic Disorder Klonopin influences the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, a neurotransmitter in the brain involved in regulating several functions, including sleep, feelings of excitement, relaxation, and anxiety. By affecting the GABA receptors, Klonopin slows down the central nervous system (CNS), which decreases nervousness and agitation while eliciting a sense of calm and relaxation. This action also assists in reducing the severity of anxiety and panic attacks. Klonopins anti-anxiety effects come on relatively quickly after taking the medication. You may need to take doses a few times a day. The Top Treatment Options for Panic Disorder Side Effects Some of the most common side effects of Klonopin include: DrowsinessDizziness and lightheadednessLack of coordination and unsteadinessFatigue These side effects may go away or lessen over time. Consult with your prescribing doctor if side effects worsen or become unmanageable. Is Klonopin Addictive? All benzodiazepines, including Klonopin, are classified as controlled substances. Therefore, these medications have the potential to become both physically and emotionally addictive and abused. If a person develops dependence on Klonopin, discontinuing the drug can become difficult as withdrawal symptoms may occur. Common withdrawal symptoms include anxiety, seizures, tremors, vomiting, and irritability. As a way to reduce the possible risk of addiction and dependence, your doctor will discuss the safest way to administer and monitor your medication over time. Never attempt to reduce your dosage on your own. To prevent possible withdrawal symptoms, your doctor can assist you in discontinuing Klonopin by gradually decreasing your dosage over time. How Long Does Withdrawal From Klonopin Last? Precautions There are several precautions to consider when taking Klonopin: Medical History: Caution should be taken if you have a history of certain medical conditions. Talk to your doctor before taking Klonopin if you have been diagnosed with these or any other medical condition: Narrow-angle glaucomaLiver diseaseKidney diseaseDrug or alcohol addictionDepression Allergic Reaction: As with any medication, you have the potential to have an allergic reaction to Klonopin. This medication should not be taken if you have a history of being sensitive or allergic to benzodiazepines. Seek immediate medical care if you experience symptoms of an allergic reaction, including: RashDifficulty breathing or swallowingItchingSwelling of the face, tongue, mouth, or throat Drug Interactions: All benzodiazepines, including Klonopin, slow down the central nervous system. Other substances that perform a similar action, such as alcohol and certain drugs, should be avoided while taking this medication. Before you begin taking Klonopin, let your doctor know what prescription and over-the-counter medications you are taking. Drowsiness: Fatigue and drowsiness are common side effects of Klonopin. Until you are used to the effects of your medication, caution should be taken when driving or performing other tasks that require your concentration. Pregnancy and Nursing: It is possible for Klonopin to be passed to a child during pregnancy or while breastfeeding. Talk to your doctor about the risk of taking Klonopin while pregnant or nursing. Older Adults: Older adults are often more susceptible to the effects of Klonopin. Your prescribing doctor may need to adjust your dosage to assist in limiting these effects.

Barn Burning Analysis Essays - 914 Words

Summary of central events: Mr. Snopes burns Mr. Harris barn because Mr. Harris charges him, â€Å"a dollar pound fee,† (515) for the return of his hog. In court the judge dismisses the charges against Snopes but warns him to leave the town for good and Snopes agrees to comply. The next day the family arrives at their new home. After Snopes tracks horse manure onto the expensive rug, the server instructs him to clean and return it. Snopes ruins the rug from improper cleaning and Major de Spain â€Å"charge[s] [him] twenty bushels of corn against [his] crop† (521). At the last court appearance the judge decides that Mr.Snopes has to pay Major de Spain 10 bushels of corn for the ruin of the rug. Because Snopes is upset from having to pay de Spain for†¦show more content†¦Violence and conflict surrounds him â€Å"[h]is father [strikes] him with the flat of his hand on the side of head†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (517). He battles with decision making that is between his family and justices. Being overwhelm with despair, fear and grief, Sartoris eventually frees himself from his father and his oppressive family life. Theme: The theme is standing for justices can sometimes lead to losing friends and family. Sartoris must decide which is more important loyal to family or loyalty to the law. According to Snopes, family loyalty is value above all else â€Å"[y]ou got to learn to stick to your own blood or you ain’t going have any blood to stick to you† (517). Snopes bases his idea of loyalty on family notions of right and wrong. Sartoris rejects his father idea of family loyalty and instead betrays his father, warning de Spain his â€Å"[b]arn† (525) is going to burn. Sarty breaks away and end up alone but in peace. Other noteworthy literary elements: Several events occur under the cover of darkness throughout the story. For example, Mr. Harris barn â€Å"[t]hat night my barn burned† (515). â€Å"[T]hat night they camped out†(517) on the roadside on their way to their new sharecroppers’ house and when Snopes, â€Å"[y]ou were fixing to tell them. You would have told him† beats Sartoris for planning to reveal his wrong doing at the courthouse. When Snopes attempts to burn Major de Spain barn it was also at night. â€Å"At midnight he was sitting on the crest of a hill,†Show MoreRelated Analysis of The Barn Burning by William Faulkner Essays987 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of The Barn Burning by William Faulkner The short story â€Å"Barn Burning† by William Faulkner is about a ten year old boy, Sarty Snopes, who has grown to realize that his father, Abner Snopes, provides a life of â€Å"despair and grief† as he refuses to accept the â€Å"peace and dignity† generated by the ties with other people. In essence, Sarty is faced with the dilemma of choosing between his family (his blood) and moral conscience of what is right and wrong. Jane Hiles interprets thisRead More Literary Analysis of Barn Burning Essay example936 Words   |  4 PagesA Literary Analysis of Barn Burning At first glance, the story â€Å"Barn burning† seems just to be about a tyrannical father and a son who is in the grips of that tyranny. I think Faulkner explores at least one important philosophical question in this story were he asks at what point should a person make a choice between what his parent(s) and / or family believes and his own values? The main character and protagonist in this story is a boy named Colonel Sartoris. In this story, Sarty is facedRead More An Analysis of Faulkners Barn Burning and Shingles for the Lord464 Words   |  2 PagesAn Analysis of Faulkners Barn Burning and Shingles for the Lord In Barn Burning, Faulkners usual style of long sentences and detailed descriptions continues. Although the run on sentences are not quite as complicated or abundant as those of the other Faulkner works we have read, I still found myself wondering to some extent what the story was really about. Was it just about a bitter mans spitefulness toward Colonel de Spain as a result of his jealousy of the colonels status? Or was thereRead MoreAnalysis Of Barn Burning By William Faulkner918 Words   |  4 PagesHonesty over Loyalty In â€Å"Barn Burning† by William Faulkner, loyalty plays as the major theme. Sarty’s family firmly believes in family before anything or anyone else. Sarty has trouble with this though due to his father’s actions. Sarty’s father has been burning barns. At the time a family’s barn was their way of life. So what Sarty’s father was doing was a big deal. The conflict between Sarty and his father is so strong because Abner Snopes, Sarty’s dad, puts such an emphasis on being loyal toRead MoreAnalysis Of Barn Burning By William Faulkner1019 Words   |  5 PagesThe Distant Relationship Between Father and Son in Barn Burning As a provider, father, and leader, being in that position have responsibilities to set an example to influence people that they look up to. The book Barn Burning, by William Faulkner, the character Abner is in a position to carry out those responsibilities. Sarty, his son looks up to Abner as a father, provider, and leader, but faces an internal conflict in regards to his father s actions. Faulkner portrays Abner, as a personRead MoreAnalysis Of Barn Burning By Junot Diaz2171 Words   |  9 PagesSarty and Lola come of age in their respective stories, through trials and tribulations that are manifested by their surroundings, and specifically by their parents Abner, and Belicia. Faulkner’s, Barn Burning gives us the point of view of an adolescent boy and our opinion of his father is built around Sarty’s dissection of his father’s actions be them justified or unjustified. Junot Dà ­az’s, Wildwood gives the other spectrum of parenthood with Lola, and B elicia. Lola’s, point of view creates a biasRead MoreAnalysis Of The Story Barn Burning By William Faulkner1115 Words   |  5 PagesFreedom In the story â€Å"Barn Burning,† William Faulkner writes about a boy whose father is a crook and the boy’s journey leaving his family. There are two main characters, Colonel Sartoris Snopes (Sarty) and Abner Snopes. The boy’s name in this is Colonel Sartoris Snopes and Abner Snopes is the father. Abner Snopes feels that the law is always out to get him. So, he believes that his family should stick r=together no matter what happens. The story is set in the late eighteen hundreds after theRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Barn Burning By William Faulkner1105 Words   |  5 PagesWhen reading the short story â€Å"Barn Burning† by William Faulkner, understanding literary elements such as patterns, word choice as well as reader/writer relationships are essential in appreciating Faulkner’s literary piece. Some of the literary elements found in the story are small and are almost immaterial while others are large and all-encompassing. For example, the mother’s fragmented clock, a small and insignificant object, is used so carefully in order to extract the maximum effect from the viewers;Read MoreEssay about Critical Analysis of Barn Burning by William Faulkner1232 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Analysis of Barn Burning by William Faulkner The story of Barn Burning was first published in the June of 1939 in the Harpers Magazine and later awarded the O. Henry Memorial Award for the best short story of the year. The author, William Faulkner, was one of Americas most innovative novelists. The way he describes the smells, sites and sounds of the rural late 1800s make you feel as if you are there with the characters in this story. Through the use of symbolism, FaulknerRead MoreAnalysis Of William Faulkner s Barn Burning 1406 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Faulkner’s ‘Barn Burning’, is the tale of a young man by the name of Colonel â€Å"Sarty† Sartoris Snopes, his father, Abner â€Å"Ab† Snopes, and the difference between right and wrong. The story commences in a courtroom, where Ab is on trial for burning a barn. Young Sarty is called to the stand to testify as to what took place, until the plaintiff told the judge he did not want him to question the young child. However, Sarty was un sure of the decision he would make if he was questioned. Sarty was

What Is Geologys Equivalent of the Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prize is the most widely recognized award given to scientists. But the three Nobel sciences are physics, chemistry, and medicine. What is the nearest thing to a Nobel Prize for geology? The Nobel Criterion Alfred Nobels will laid out a single criterion of merit: the prizes go to people who have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind. Thus in physics we see awardees like Wilhelm Rà ¶ntgen, discoverer of x-rays (1901 prize), in chemistry we get Linus Pauling for his profoundly useful explanation of the chemical bond (1954), and in medicine we get Barry Marshall and Robin Warren for showing that stomach ulcers are simply a bacterial disease (2005). And thus Albert Einstein (1921) is named for his work on the photoelectric effect, not his more fundamental theories of relativity. Compared to other science prizes, Nobels criterion of the greatest benefit is a stroke of genius, a deliciously unclear standard. It highlights something that engages every scientist: the lucky chance that following ones curiosity might turn into a discovery undreamed of, even revolutionary, that spills beyond science to affect the whole world. Geology Medals from Geological Societies Most of the hundreds of geology prizes honor more parochial advances. Many are awarded by professional or scientific societies on the basis of excellence or outstanding accomplishments in their particular science, or to their particular organization. Any efforts these groups have made along the greatest benefit direction have been recent and tentative. The original Geological Society, that of London, has awarded its Wollaston Medal since 1831 to geologists who have had a significant influence by means of a substantial body of excellent research. The rest of its medals are likewise for purely scientific achievements.The European Geosciences Union grants 28 medals, all for scientific achievement.The American Geophysical Union confers 20 Union prizes. Its top award, the Bowie Medal, is for outstanding contributions and unselfish cooperation in research. Its most Nobel-like award is the Falkenberg Award, which started in 2002 for scientists under age 45 who add to the quality of life, economic opportunities and stewardship of the planet through the use of Earth science information.The Geological Society of Americas medals are mostly for research advances. In 1998 GSA began its Public Service Award, informally called the Shoemaker Award, for contributions that have ... significantly served decision-makers in the application of scientifi c and technical information in public affairs and public policy.The Geological Association of Canada restricts its medals to achievements in Canada. The Geological Society of Frances prizes are purely scientific, and all other nations I checked were similar. Geology Medals from Scientific Societies The picture is clear: the geological societies are no match for Nobel. The more encompassing science societies do worse still. The Royal Society of London gives 12 medals, none for geology alone. The Copley Medal last went to a geologist in 1964, its Davy Medal was awarded to a geochemist only once, in 1895, and its Hughes Medal names only a sprinkling of Earth scientists since its inception in 1902.The American Association for the Advancement of Sciences Abelson Prize  has never gone to a geologist.The Franklin Institute, in Philadelphia, has presented awards to geologists, but only 15 in the last hundred years. The 2005 award, a gold medal, went to Peter Vail for his fruitful work on sediments and ancient sea levels.The National Academy of Sciences has the Thompson Medal  for service to geology and paleontology, but it is given only intermittently. The Geology Medal from the Nobel People The Nobel Prizes caretakers at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences do have the Crafoord Prize, meant to recognize and support sciences beyond Nobels original three. The geosciences take turns with mathematics, astronomy, and biosciences, coming up every fourth year. The $500,000 prize is awarded to fund research, theres a nice medal, the academy holds a symposium for winners, and the King of Sweden is on hand, just like the real Nobel Prizes. But the Crafoord Prize generates no world headlines, no buzz, no barroom arguments. Its geologic winners are people of the first rank, but the quadrennial Crafoord Prize in Geosciences is clearly not as grand a thing as the Nobel, nor is it awarded for the same criteria. The Vetlesen Prize In my judgment, the nearest thing to a Nobel Prize in geology is the Vetlesen Prize, presented in New York City every other year or so for scientific achievement resulting in a clearer understanding of the Earth, its history, or its relations to the universe. G. Unger Vetlesen, a shipping magnate, cared deeply for Earth science, and his foundation awards the Prize and other support for geologic research. Recipients of the Vetlesen Prize, from Maurice Ewing in 1960 to Susan Solomon in 2012, are of the greatest eminence. The money is good ($100,000), theres a black-tie dinner at Columbia University, and the medal is handsome. But even the Vetlesen Prize does not carry Alfred Nobels charge of conferring the greatest benefit on mankind. By that criterion, who would geologys Nobelists be? Thats an interesting question. PS: The Geological Society presents an award to amateur geologists or those who inspire them: the R H Worth Prize. Its 2008 winner was Ian West, builder of the great Jurassic Coast site.

Spartans and Special Forces Free Essays

The Spartans were the Special Forces (SF) of their time. Now we have Delta Force, Navy SEALS, Green Berets, Marine Force RECON and Army Rangers. All are small elite groups of warriors trained to kill. We will write a custom essay sample on Spartans and Special Forces or any similar topic only for you Order Now How many of today’s warriors would equal one Spartan? Given the vast differences in technology and the way that battles are fought, who would come out on top? Spartan warriors are taken from their families at the age of seven to begin the training of a warrior. These boys where placed into groups also referred to as â€Å"packs† and sent to Agoge, what we today call boot camp. While in Agoge they became accustomed to hardship and given just minimal amounts of food and clothing to survive. By having just enough to get by they were encouraged to steal. If they where caught stealing they would be punished, not for stealing, but for being caught. The boys where also encouraged to compete in mock fights and games to promote unity. They learned songs of Spartan victories and how to read and write. They didn’t learn how to read and write for cultural purposes, but rather so that they could read maps. When the boys reached the age of 12 they became youths. Much more was demanded of youths than children. They began a more intensified physical training regime, were given extra tasks and discipline became harsher. They were forced to go barefoot and wear only a tunic in both summer and winter. When the boys reached the age of 18 they became young adults. They served as trainers for the youths. Also included in this category where the most promising youths. These elite boys where the ones that stood out among all others and chosen for possible leadership positions. When a Spartan turned 20 years of age he became eligible for service in the military. They joined a â€Å"messes† ( a group meal ) consisting of fifteen men of various ages. The ones who where not chosen for the messes where given a lesser citizenship. Only soldiers where of equal status and rank. Until the age of thirty the Spartan soldiers spent almost all of their time in the barracks with the unit. This included even soldiers that where married. Spartans remained in the military until the age of sixty. Today, at the age of seven, children are in school and living with their families in a warm home. They have enough food and clothing provided that there is no need to steal. The only type of training they are receiving is basic schooling and fighting gets you in nothing but trouble. The only other type of military training a child can receive would be if they where sent to a military academy and only wealthiest of families can afford to do that. At the age of 12 what was expected of youths is a little more demanding than that of a child. You are expected to do more chores and the physical training is from playing with your friends or gym class at school. We definitely didn’t wear a tunic in both summer and winter and you are only barefoot if you want to be. We have plenty of clothes for all seasons and footwear to stay protected from the elements. Now we reach the age of 18 and you have either graduated from high school or received your GED. Then and only then you are allowed to join the military after meeting one of these two goals. For the most fortunate of this age group, they may go to college. For the ones who want to become leaders in the military they go to a military academy like West Point or The Citadel to become officers. For those who chose to just join the military, they go to basic training. This is nothing compared to what the Spartans have already been through. They have already been in training now for 12 years. Basic training only lasts eight weeks and then you go on to your military occupational specialty (MOS) school which could last up to a year. If you become and infantryman like a Spartan begins as, you have an additional 11 weeks of training to complete. In the Army you can apply for Special Forces Green Berets, and if you are chosen you now begin more intensified training. If you are one of the few enlisted men or officers chosen for Special Forces you now must complete the SF Qualification (Q) Course. The Q Course can last anywhere from 12 to 24 months depending on the MOS you choose. Special Forces soldiers have four MOS categories to choose from: Weapons Expert (18B), Engineer (18C), Medic (18D) and Communications (18E). When an officer trains for SF they are only given one MOS to choose from Career Management (18A). When you have completed your SF training you are then assigned to your unit and then to your team. At age 20 you have been in the military for two to three years and have moved up the ranks to at least a Specialist or Corporal in the Army. If you chose to go one of the military academies you are half way through your training and the process of getting your degree, which is required to be an officer in the military. Unlike Spartans though, today you are allowed to be at home with your family and only if you are single you are not committed to staying in the barracks with the unit. There are other daily rituals that you do while with your unit, such as physical training (PT), training with the unit at the range and cleaning your equipment. Those are only a few of the things that you do with the unit. Special Forces units, unlike Spartans, have what is referred to as a Real World Mission, meaning they can deploy to any part of the world within 24 hours. They are SF Teams deployed today in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Enduring Freedom, the war on drugs in Central and South America and SF Teams in Africa on Peace Keeping missions. When you reach your 20 year mark in the military you have the choice of retiring or staying in longer. If I where to have stayed in for twenty years I would have retired at the age of 42. Being part of the military until the age of 60 is not required of any soldier today. Spartans, like the citizens of many other Greek States, where trained as soldiers and used the Phalanx formation in battle. The Phalanx formation was rectangular in design and the Spartans where the masters in the use of this formation. The traditional formation consisted of a strait line of men in a file 8 to 12 deep. This formation used pushing and required a lot of strength and stamina to endure long days of fighting. The Elite, as they are referred to, would take up the honorary right flank when fighting with their allies. When they broke through the line of the enemy, as they usually did, the Spartans would sweep left and roll through the enemy. The picture below is that of a Phalanx formation and shows the position of Elite forces on the honorary right side of the formation. [pic] [pic] The above picture is that of a Phalanx formation. The tactics of today’s soldier are vastly more superior because of the way battles are fought. Battles today are not fought by masses of men on one field of battle slugging it out with spears, swords and shields. Today, we rely heavily on technology to fight our battles. The Spartans didn’t have the luxury of a Tomahawk cruise missile or artillery barrage to soften a target before attacking the enemy. Special Forces soldiers are taught Small Unit Tactics, SERE (Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape) tactics, Combat Skills Training and Special Forces Field Craft Training. All of this training combined prepares the soldiers for their Unconventional Warfare Combat Exercise called â€Å"Robin Sage† at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. This exercise demonstrates the skills that the Special Forces soldiers have been taught over a 28 day period. For a Spartan to have achieved this type of training he would have been training for almost 14 years. The Spartan would have been much more refined in his combat skills than the average Special Forces soldier. Spartans wore hoplite armor which consisted of armor with flanged bronze cuirasses, leg greaves and a Corinthian style helmet. The weapons they would have carried into battle would have been a bronze shield weighing up to 15 pounds known as a Hoplon, a 6 to 10 foot spear called a Sarissas for thrusting at advancing soldiers and a two foot long sword called a Xiphos for thrusting and cutting in close combat. All of this equipment was simple and yet very effective on the battlefield. Below is a picture of a Spartan soldier with all of his equipment needed for battle. [pic] The equipment of a Special Forces soldiers varies drastically from one combat theatre to the next. The basic equipment used consists of a uniform with boots, knee pads, elbow pads, protective eyewear, Interceptor Body armor with Ballistic plates to stop a hi-powered rifle round, a ballistic helmet. The weapons carried by Special Forces Soldiers also vary from mission to mission. The basic weapons carried on a mission for an SF soldier are an M-4 5. 6 millimeter Carbine, M-9 9 millimeter pistol, a bayonet, ammunition for both the pistol and rifle and hand grenades. Below is a group of Special Forces Soldiers posing for a photo in Iraq. [pic] In my opinion, the Spartans would be the toughest of the tough. They endured many more hardships over the span of their lifetime. They where taken from their families at the age of s even and spent their lives in the military. We, on the other hand, have all the luxuries one could ever want, and more. We are not brought up to be killing machines like the Spartans were. Thankfully most of us will never have to kill another human being in our lifetime. References Headquarters, Department of the Army, Field Manual (FM) 3-05, Army Special Operations Forces, September 2006 Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Retrieved: December 12, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Forces_Qualification_Course Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Retrieved: December 12, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_Robin_Sage ABC News, Retrieved: December 12, 2009 from http://a.abcnews.com/images/International/ht_berets06_070530_ssh.jpg Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Retrieved: November 11, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Retrieved: November 11, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartan_Army Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Retrieved: December 12, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx_formation Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Retrieved: December 12, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hop2.jpg Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Retrieved: December 12, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greek_Phalanx.jpg Military Factory, website about ancient and modern weapons and armor Retrieved: December 13, 2009 from http://www.militaryfactory.com/ancient-warfare/spartan-hoplite.asp How to cite Spartans and Special Forces, Papers

Financial performance free essay sample

Financial statements are the medium by which a company discloses information concerning its financial performance. Followers of fundamental analysis use the quantitativeinformation gleaned from financial statements to make investment decisions. Before we jump into the specifics of the three most important financial statements income statements, balance sheets and cash flow statements we will briefly introduce each financial statements specific function, along with where they can be found. The Major Statements The Balance Sheet The balance sheet represents a record of a companys assets, liabilities and equity at a particular point in time. The balance sheet is named by the fact that a businesss financial structure balances in the following manner: Assets = Liabilities + Shareholders\ Equity Assets represent the resources that the business owns or controls at a given point in time. This includes items such as cash, inventory, machinery and buildings. The other side of the equation represents the total value of the financing the company has used to acquire those assets. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial performance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Financing comes as a result of liabilities or equity. Liabilities represent debt (which of course must be paid back), while equity represents the total value of money that the owners have contributed to the business including retained earnings, which is the profit made in previous years. The Income Statement While the balance sheet takes a snapshot approach in examining a business, the income statement measures a companys performance over a specific time frame. Technically, you could have a balance sheet for a month or even a day, but youll only see public companies report quarterly and annually. The income statement presents information about revenues, expenses and profit that was generated as a result of the business operations for that period. Statement of Cash Flows The statement of cash flows represents a record of a business cash inflows and outflows over a period of time. Typically, a statement of cash flows focuses on the following cash-related activities: Operating Cash Flow (OCF): Cash generated from day-to-day business operations Cash from investing (CFI): Cash used for investing in assets, as well as the proceeds from the sale of other businesses, equipment or long-term assets Cash from financing (CFF): Cash paid or received from the issuing and borrowing of funds The cash flow statement is important because its very difficult for a business to manipulate its cash situation. There is plenty that aggressive accountants can do to manipulate earnings, but its tough to fake cash in the bank. For this reason some investors use the cash flow statement as a more conservative measure of a companys performance. 10-K and 10-Q Now that you have an understanding of what the three financial statements represent, lets discuss where an investor can go about finding them. In the United States, the Securities And Exchange Commission (SEC) requires all companies that are publicly traded on a major exchange to submit periodic filings detailing their financial activities, including the financial statements mentioned above. Some other pieces of information that are also required are an auditors report,management discussion and analysis (MDA) and a relatively detailed description of the companys operations and prospects for the upcoming year. All of this information can be found in the business annual 10-K and quarterly 10-Q filings, which are released by the companys management and can be found on the internet or in physical form. (For more information, see Where can I find a companys annual report and its SEC filings? The 10-K is an annual filing that discloses a businesss performance over the course of the fiscal year. In addition to finding a businesss financial statements for the most recent year, investors also have access to the businesss historical financial measures, along with information detailing the operations of the business. This includes a lot of information, such as the number of employees, biographies of upper management, risks, future plans for growth, etc. Businesses also release an annual report, which some people also refer to as the 10-K. The annual report is essentially the 10-K released in a fancier marketing format. It will include much of the same information, but not all, that you can find in the 10-K. The 10-K really is boring its just pages and pages of numbers, text and legalese. But just because its boring doesnt mean it isnt useful. There is a lot of good information in a 10-K, and its required reading for any serious investor. You can think of the 10-Q filing as a smaller version of a 10-K. It reports the companys performance after each fiscal quarter. Each year three 10-Q filings are released one for each of the first three quarters. (Note: There is no 10-Q for the fourth quarter, because the 10-K filing is released during that time). Unlike the 10-K filing, 10-Q filings are not required to be audited. Heres a tip if you have trouble remembering which is which: think Q for quarter.