The Invention of Radio Technology

The Invention of Radio Technology Radio owes its advancement to two different developments: the message and the telephone. All three advances are firmly related, and radio innovation really started as remote telecommunication. The term radio can allude to either the electronic machine that we tune in with or to the substance that plays from it. Regardless, everything began with the revelation of radio waves-electromagnetic waves that have the ability to transmit music, discourse, pictures, and other information imperceptibly through the air. Numerous gadgets work by utilizing electromagnetic waves, including radios, microwaves, cordless telephones, remote controlled toys, TVs, and that's only the tip of the iceberg. The Roots of Radio Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell originally anticipated the presence of radio waves during the 1860s. In 1886, German physicist Heinrich Rudolph Hertz showed that fast varieties of electric flow could be anticipated into space as radio waves, like light waves and warmth waves. In 1866, Mahlon Loomis, an American dental specialist, effectively showed remote telecommunication. Loomis had the option to make a meter associated with a kite cause a meter associated with another close by kite to move. Thisâ marked the principal known example of remote elevated correspondence. In any case, it was Guglielmo Marconi, an Italian designer, who demonstrated the possibility of radio correspondence. He sent and got his first radio sign in Italy in 1895. In 1899, he flashed the primary remote sign over the English Channel, and after two years got the letter S, which was transmitted from England to Newfoundland (presently part of Canada). This was the main effective transoceanic radiotelegraph message. Notwithstanding Marconi, two of his contemporaries, Nikola Tesla and Nathan Stufflefield, took out licenses for remote radio transmitters. Nikola Tesla is currently attributed with being the main individual to patent radio innovation. The Supreme Court upset Marconis patent in 1943 for Teslas. The Invention of Radiotelegraphy Radiotelegraphy is the sending by radio floods of a similar speck run message (Morse code) utilized by transmits. Transmitters, when the new century rolled over, were known as sparkle hole machines. They were grown predominantly for transport to-shore and boat to-deliver correspondence. This type of radiotelegraphy took into account basic correspondence between two focuses. In any case, it was not open radio telecom as we probably am aware it today. The utilization of remote flagging expanded after it was end up being compelling in correspondence for salvage work adrift. Before long various sea liners even introduced remote gear. In 1899, the United States Army set up remote interchanges with a lightship off Fire Island, New York. After two years, the Navy received a remote framework. Up untilâ then, the Navy had been utilizing visual flagging and homing pigeons for correspondence. In 1901, radiotelegraph administration was set up between five Hawaiian Islands. In 1903, a Marconi station situated in Wellfleet, Massachusetts,â carried a trade between President Theodore Roosevelt and King Edward VII. In 1905, the maritime clash of Port Arthur in the Russo-Japanese war was accounted for by remote. What's more, in 1906, the U.S. Climate Bureau tried different things with radiotelegraphy to accelerate notice of climate conditions. Robert E. Peary, an ice wayfarer, radiotelegraphed I found the Pole in 1909. After a year, Marconi built up ordinary American-European radiotelegraph administration, which a while later empowered a got away from British killer to be secured on the high oceans. In 1912, the first transpacific radiotelegraph administration was established,â linking San Francisco with Hawaii. In the mean time, abroad radiotelegraph administration grew gradually, basically on the grounds that the underlying radiotelegraph transmitter was precarious and caused a high measure of obstruction. The Alexanderson high-recurrence alternator and the De Forest cylinder in the end settled a large number of these early specialized issues. The Advent of Space Telegraphy Lee de Forest was the innovator of room telecommunication, the triode speaker, and the Audion, an enhancing vacuum tube. In the mid 1900s, the improvement of radio was hampered by the absence of a proficient finder of electromagnetic radiation. It was De Forest who gave that indicator. His creation made it conceivable to intensify the radio recurrence signal got by reception apparatuses. This took into account the utilization of a lot more vulnerable signs than had recently been conceivable. De Forest was likewise the main individual to utilize the word radio. The aftereffect of Lee de Forests work was the development of sufficiency regulated or AM radio, which took into account a huge number of radio broadcasts. It was an enormous improvement over the prior sparkle hole transmitters. Genuine Broadcasting Begins In 1915, discourse was first transmitted by radio over the mainland from New York City to San Francisco and over the Atlantic Ocean. After five years, Westinghouses KDKA-Pittsburgh broadcastedâ the Harding-Cox political decision returns and started a day by day calendar of radio projects. In 1927, business radiotelephonyâ service connecting North America and Europe was opened. In 1935, the primary call was made the world over utilizing a blend of wire and radio circuits. Edwin Howard Armstrongâ invented recurrence tweaked or FM radio in 1933. FM improved the sound sign of radio by controlling the clamor static brought about by electrical gear and the earths air. Until 1936, all American transoceanic phone correspondence must be steered through England. That year, an immediate radiotelephone circuit was opened to Paris. In 1965, the first Master FM Antenna systemâ in the world, intended to permit singular FM stations to communicate all the while from one source, was raised on the Empire State Building in New York City.

Holocaust Genealogy - Researching Holocaust Ancestors

Holocaust Genealogy - Researching Holocaust Ancestors It is a pitiful reality that most Jews looking into their families will in the long run find family members who were casualties of the Holocaust. Regardless of whether youre scanning for data about family members who vanished or were slaughtered during the Holocaust, or need to realize whether any family members endure the Holocaust and may have living relatives there are various assets accessible to you. Start your endeavor into Holocaust look into by meeting your living relatives. Attempt to gain proficiency with the names, ages, origination, and last known whereabouts of the individuals you might want to follow. The more data you have, the simpler your pursuit. Search the Yad Vashem Database The significant file place for the Holocaust is Yad Vashem in Jerusalem, Israel. They are a decent initial step for anybody searching for data on the destiny of a Holocaust casualty. They keep up a Central Database of Shoah Victims Names and are likewise endeavoring to report all of the 6,000,000 Jews killed in the Holocaust. These Pages of Testimony report the name, spot and conditions of death, occupation, names of relatives and other data. Furthermore, they remember data for the informations submitter, including his/her name, address and relationship to the expired. More than 3,000,000 Jewish Holocaust casualties have been reported to date. These Pages of Testimony are likewise accessible online as a major aspect of the Central Database of Shoah Victims Names. The International Tracing Service As a large number of Holocaust exiles dissipated all through Europe following World War II, a typical assortment point was made for data about Holocaust casualties and survivors. This data store developed into the International Tracing Service (ITS). Right up 'til today, data on Holocaust casualties and survivors is as yet gathered and scattered by this association, presently a piece of the Red Cross. They keep up a record of data identifying with in excess of 14 individuals influenced by the Holocaust. The most ideal approach to demand data through this administration is to contact the Red Cross in your nation. In the United States, the Red Cross keeps up the Holocaust and War Victims Tracing Center as a help for U.S. inhabitants. Yizkor Books Gatherings of Holocaust survivors and companions and family members of Holocaust casualties made Yiskor books, or Holocaust commemoration books, to memorialize the network where they once lived. These gatherings of people, known as landsmanshaftn, were for the most part involved previous occupants of a specific town. Yizkor books are composed and gathered by these standard individuals to pass on the way of life and sentiment of their life before the Holocaust, and to recall the families and people of their old neighborhood. The convenience of the substance for family ancestry explore fluctuates, yet most Yizkor books contain data on the historical backdrop of the town, alongside names and family connections. You may likewise discover arrangements of Holocaust casualties, individual accounts, photos, maps and drawings. Practically all incorporate a different Yizkor area, with dedication sees recalling and celebrating people and families lost during the war. Most Yizkor books are writt en in Hebrew or Yiddish. Online assets for Yizkor books include: JewishGen Yizkor Book Project - A database of Yizkor books with data on the library that holds each book, an accessible necrology list, and interpretations put together by volunteers. NY Public Library - Yizkor Books Online - incorporates full advanced pictures of 650 of the 700 after war yizkor books in the assortment of The York Public Library. Interface with Living Survivors An assortment of libraries can be discovered online which help associate Holocaust survivors and the relatives of Holocaust survivors. JewishGen Holocaust Global Registry - This vault gives a focal spot to anybody looking through Holocaust survivors, and incorporates the names of survivors and their relatives from everywhere throughout the globe. Dont miss the endearing examples of overcoming adversity put together by clients of the vault! Vault of Holocaust Survivors - The U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. keeps up a refreshed, electronic Registry of survivors. Holocaust Testimonies The Holocaust is one of the most archived occasions in world history, and much can be gained from perusing the narratives of the survivors. Various Web locales incorporate stories, recordings and other direct records of the Holocaust. Voices of the Holocaust - This narrative undertaking by the Illinois Institute of Technology incorporates direct records of the Holocaust gathered by Dr. David Boder in 1946. Declarations of the Holocaust - The USC Shoah Foundation Institute met and gathered declarations from almost 52,000 Holocaust survivors and different observers. The Testimony Catalog is accessible on the web and on CD-ROM, despite the fact that names are overlooked from the online form for security reasons. The inventory incorporates essential true to life data just, including city and nation of birth, strict personality and wartime encounters. The genuine recordings and other information are kept up in the archives.Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies - An assortment of more than 4,300 recorded meetings with witnesses and overcomers of the Holocaust. Some portion of Yale Universitys branch of Manuscripts and Archives. The video interviews are not accessible on the web, yet you can see a few brief d eclaration portions. For additional, progressively point by point data on investigating the individuals of the Holocaust, I energetically prescribe the book How to Document Victims and Locate Survivors of the Holocaust by Gary Mokotoff. A large number of the fundamental how to parts of the book have been set online by the distributer, Avotaynu, and the full book can likewise be requested through them.

Taking Klonopin (Clonazepam) for Panic Disorder

Taking Klonopin (Clonazepam) for Panic Disorder Panic Disorder Treatment Print Taking Klonopin for Panic Disorder By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 22, 2019 Klonopin for panic disorder. Getty Images Credit: alvarez More in Panic Disorder Treatment Symptoms Diagnosis Coping Related Conditions In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Is Klonopin? How Klonopin Treats Panic Disorder Side Effects Is Klonopin Addictive? Precautions View All Back To Top Anti-anxiety medications are often prescribed to help manage panic attacks and other symptoms of panic disorder. Klonopin (clonazepam) is a type of anti-anxiety medication that is often used to treat panic disorder and other conditions. What Is Klonopin? Klonopin is the trade brand name for the drug clonazepam, a type of anti-anxiety medication that is classified as a benzodiazepine. Benzodiazepines, including Klonopin, are often referred to as sedatives or tranquilizers due to their calming, sedating, and tranquilizing effects. Other common benzodiazepines include Xanax (alprazolam), Valium (diazepam), and Ativan (lorazepam). Klonopin and these other benzodiazepines can assist in decreasing the intensity of panic attacks and anxiety. Klonopin is commonly prescribed to treat panic disorder (with or without agoraphobia). Klonopin has anticonvulsant properties, making it an effective drug in the treatment of epilepsy and certain types of seizures. It has also been approved for the treatment of anxiety disorders, anxiety associated with bipolar disorder, and other conditions. How Klonopin Treats Panic Disorder Klonopin influences the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, a neurotransmitter in the brain involved in regulating several functions, including sleep, feelings of excitement, relaxation, and anxiety. By affecting the GABA receptors, Klonopin slows down the central nervous system (CNS), which decreases nervousness and agitation while eliciting a sense of calm and relaxation. This action also assists in reducing the severity of anxiety and panic attacks. Klonopins anti-anxiety effects come on relatively quickly after taking the medication. You may need to take doses a few times a day. The Top Treatment Options for Panic Disorder Side Effects Some of the most common side effects of Klonopin include: DrowsinessDizziness and lightheadednessLack of coordination and unsteadinessFatigue These side effects may go away or lessen over time. Consult with your prescribing doctor if side effects worsen or become unmanageable. Is Klonopin Addictive? All benzodiazepines, including Klonopin, are classified as controlled substances. Therefore, these medications have the potential to become both physically and emotionally addictive and abused. If a person develops dependence on Klonopin, discontinuing the drug can become difficult as withdrawal symptoms may occur. Common withdrawal symptoms include anxiety, seizures, tremors, vomiting, and irritability. As a way to reduce the possible risk of addiction and dependence, your doctor will discuss the safest way to administer and monitor your medication over time. Never attempt to reduce your dosage on your own. To prevent possible withdrawal symptoms, your doctor can assist you in discontinuing Klonopin by gradually decreasing your dosage over time. How Long Does Withdrawal From Klonopin Last? Precautions There are several precautions to consider when taking Klonopin: Medical History: Caution should be taken if you have a history of certain medical conditions. Talk to your doctor before taking Klonopin if you have been diagnosed with these or any other medical condition: Narrow-angle glaucomaLiver diseaseKidney diseaseDrug or alcohol addictionDepression Allergic Reaction: As with any medication, you have the potential to have an allergic reaction to Klonopin. This medication should not be taken if you have a history of being sensitive or allergic to benzodiazepines. Seek immediate medical care if you experience symptoms of an allergic reaction, including: RashDifficulty breathing or swallowingItchingSwelling of the face, tongue, mouth, or throat Drug Interactions: All benzodiazepines, including Klonopin, slow down the central nervous system. Other substances that perform a similar action, such as alcohol and certain drugs, should be avoided while taking this medication. Before you begin taking Klonopin, let your doctor know what prescription and over-the-counter medications you are taking. Drowsiness: Fatigue and drowsiness are common side effects of Klonopin. Until you are used to the effects of your medication, caution should be taken when driving or performing other tasks that require your concentration. Pregnancy and Nursing: It is possible for Klonopin to be passed to a child during pregnancy or while breastfeeding. Talk to your doctor about the risk of taking Klonopin while pregnant or nursing. Older Adults: Older adults are often more susceptible to the effects of Klonopin. Your prescribing doctor may need to adjust your dosage to assist in limiting these effects.

Barn Burning Analysis Essays - 914 Words

Summary of central events: Mr. Snopes burns Mr. Harris barn because Mr. Harris charges him, â€Å"a dollar pound fee,† (515) for the return of his hog. In court the judge dismisses the charges against Snopes but warns him to leave the town for good and Snopes agrees to comply. The next day the family arrives at their new home. After Snopes tracks horse manure onto the expensive rug, the server instructs him to clean and return it. Snopes ruins the rug from improper cleaning and Major de Spain â€Å"charge[s] [him] twenty bushels of corn against [his] crop† (521). At the last court appearance the judge decides that Mr.Snopes has to pay Major de Spain 10 bushels of corn for the ruin of the rug. Because Snopes is upset from having to pay de Spain for†¦show more content†¦Violence and conflict surrounds him â€Å"[h]is father [strikes] him with the flat of his hand on the side of head†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (517). He battles with decision making that is between his family and justices. Being overwhelm with despair, fear and grief, Sartoris eventually frees himself from his father and his oppressive family life. Theme: The theme is standing for justices can sometimes lead to losing friends and family. Sartoris must decide which is more important loyal to family or loyalty to the law. According to Snopes, family loyalty is value above all else â€Å"[y]ou got to learn to stick to your own blood or you ain’t going have any blood to stick to you† (517). Snopes bases his idea of loyalty on family notions of right and wrong. Sartoris rejects his father idea of family loyalty and instead betrays his father, warning de Spain his â€Å"[b]arn† (525) is going to burn. Sarty breaks away and end up alone but in peace. Other noteworthy literary elements: Several events occur under the cover of darkness throughout the story. For example, Mr. Harris barn â€Å"[t]hat night my barn burned† (515). â€Å"[T]hat night they camped out†(517) on the roadside on their way to their new sharecroppers’ house and when Snopes, â€Å"[y]ou were fixing to tell them. You would have told him† beats Sartoris for planning to reveal his wrong doing at the courthouse. When Snopes attempts to burn Major de Spain barn it was also at night. â€Å"At midnight he was sitting on the crest of a hill,†Show MoreRelated Analysis of The Barn Burning by William Faulkner Essays987 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of The Barn Burning by William Faulkner The short story â€Å"Barn Burning† by William Faulkner is about a ten year old boy, Sarty Snopes, who has grown to realize that his father, Abner Snopes, provides a life of â€Å"despair and grief† as he refuses to accept the â€Å"peace and dignity† generated by the ties with other people. In essence, Sarty is faced with the dilemma of choosing between his family (his blood) and moral conscience of what is right and wrong. Jane Hiles interprets thisRead More Literary Analysis of Barn Burning Essay example936 Words   |  4 PagesA Literary Analysis of Barn Burning At first glance, the story â€Å"Barn burning† seems just to be about a tyrannical father and a son who is in the grips of that tyranny. I think Faulkner explores at least one important philosophical question in this story were he asks at what point should a person make a choice between what his parent(s) and / or family believes and his own values? The main character and protagonist in this story is a boy named Colonel Sartoris. In this story, Sarty is facedRead More An Analysis of Faulkners Barn Burning and Shingles for the Lord464 Words   |  2 PagesAn Analysis of Faulkners Barn Burning and Shingles for the Lord In Barn Burning, Faulkners usual style of long sentences and detailed descriptions continues. Although the run on sentences are not quite as complicated or abundant as those of the other Faulkner works we have read, I still found myself wondering to some extent what the story was really about. Was it just about a bitter mans spitefulness toward Colonel de Spain as a result of his jealousy of the colonels status? Or was thereRead MoreAnalysis Of Barn Burning By William Faulkner918 Words   |  4 PagesHonesty over Loyalty In â€Å"Barn Burning† by William Faulkner, loyalty plays as the major theme. Sarty’s family firmly believes in family before anything or anyone else. Sarty has trouble with this though due to his father’s actions. Sarty’s father has been burning barns. At the time a family’s barn was their way of life. So what Sarty’s father was doing was a big deal. The conflict between Sarty and his father is so strong because Abner Snopes, Sarty’s dad, puts such an emphasis on being loyal toRead MoreAnalysis Of Barn Burning By William Faulkner1019 Words   |  5 PagesThe Distant Relationship Between Father and Son in Barn Burning As a provider, father, and leader, being in that position have responsibilities to set an example to influence people that they look up to. The book Barn Burning, by William Faulkner, the character Abner is in a position to carry out those responsibilities. Sarty, his son looks up to Abner as a father, provider, and leader, but faces an internal conflict in regards to his father s actions. Faulkner portrays Abner, as a personRead MoreAnalysis Of Barn Burning By Junot Diaz2171 Words   |  9 PagesSarty and Lola come of age in their respective stories, through trials and tribulations that are manifested by their surroundings, and specifically by their parents Abner, and Belicia. Faulkner’s, Barn Burning gives us the point of view of an adolescent boy and our opinion of his father is built around Sarty’s dissection of his father’s actions be them justified or unjustified. Junot Dà ­az’s, Wildwood gives the other spectrum of parenthood with Lola, and B elicia. Lola’s, point of view creates a biasRead MoreAnalysis Of The Story Barn Burning By William Faulkner1115 Words   |  5 PagesFreedom In the story â€Å"Barn Burning,† William Faulkner writes about a boy whose father is a crook and the boy’s journey leaving his family. There are two main characters, Colonel Sartoris Snopes (Sarty) and Abner Snopes. The boy’s name in this is Colonel Sartoris Snopes and Abner Snopes is the father. Abner Snopes feels that the law is always out to get him. So, he believes that his family should stick r=together no matter what happens. The story is set in the late eighteen hundreds after theRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Barn Burning By William Faulkner1105 Words   |  5 PagesWhen reading the short story â€Å"Barn Burning† by William Faulkner, understanding literary elements such as patterns, word choice as well as reader/writer relationships are essential in appreciating Faulkner’s literary piece. Some of the literary elements found in the story are small and are almost immaterial while others are large and all-encompassing. For example, the mother’s fragmented clock, a small and insignificant object, is used so carefully in order to extract the maximum effect from the viewers;Read MoreEssay about Critical Analysis of Barn Burning by William Faulkner1232 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Analysis of Barn Burning by William Faulkner The story of Barn Burning was first published in the June of 1939 in the Harpers Magazine and later awarded the O. Henry Memorial Award for the best short story of the year. The author, William Faulkner, was one of Americas most innovative novelists. The way he describes the smells, sites and sounds of the rural late 1800s make you feel as if you are there with the characters in this story. Through the use of symbolism, FaulknerRead MoreAnalysis Of William Faulkner s Barn Burning 1406 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Faulkner’s ‘Barn Burning’, is the tale of a young man by the name of Colonel â€Å"Sarty† Sartoris Snopes, his father, Abner â€Å"Ab† Snopes, and the difference between right and wrong. The story commences in a courtroom, where Ab is on trial for burning a barn. Young Sarty is called to the stand to testify as to what took place, until the plaintiff told the judge he did not want him to question the young child. However, Sarty was un sure of the decision he would make if he was questioned. Sarty was

What Is Geologys Equivalent of the Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prize is the most widely recognized award given to scientists. But the three Nobel sciences are physics, chemistry, and medicine. What is the nearest thing to a Nobel Prize for geology? The Nobel Criterion Alfred Nobels will laid out a single criterion of merit: the prizes go to people who have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind. Thus in physics we see awardees like Wilhelm Rà ¶ntgen, discoverer of x-rays (1901 prize), in chemistry we get Linus Pauling for his profoundly useful explanation of the chemical bond (1954), and in medicine we get Barry Marshall and Robin Warren for showing that stomach ulcers are simply a bacterial disease (2005). And thus Albert Einstein (1921) is named for his work on the photoelectric effect, not his more fundamental theories of relativity. Compared to other science prizes, Nobels criterion of the greatest benefit is a stroke of genius, a deliciously unclear standard. It highlights something that engages every scientist: the lucky chance that following ones curiosity might turn into a discovery undreamed of, even revolutionary, that spills beyond science to affect the whole world. Geology Medals from Geological Societies Most of the hundreds of geology prizes honor more parochial advances. Many are awarded by professional or scientific societies on the basis of excellence or outstanding accomplishments in their particular science, or to their particular organization. Any efforts these groups have made along the greatest benefit direction have been recent and tentative. The original Geological Society, that of London, has awarded its Wollaston Medal since 1831 to geologists who have had a significant influence by means of a substantial body of excellent research. The rest of its medals are likewise for purely scientific achievements.The European Geosciences Union grants 28 medals, all for scientific achievement.The American Geophysical Union confers 20 Union prizes. Its top award, the Bowie Medal, is for outstanding contributions and unselfish cooperation in research. Its most Nobel-like award is the Falkenberg Award, which started in 2002 for scientists under age 45 who add to the quality of life, economic opportunities and stewardship of the planet through the use of Earth science information.The Geological Society of Americas medals are mostly for research advances. In 1998 GSA began its Public Service Award, informally called the Shoemaker Award, for contributions that have ... significantly served decision-makers in the application of scientifi c and technical information in public affairs and public policy.The Geological Association of Canada restricts its medals to achievements in Canada. The Geological Society of Frances prizes are purely scientific, and all other nations I checked were similar. Geology Medals from Scientific Societies The picture is clear: the geological societies are no match for Nobel. The more encompassing science societies do worse still. The Royal Society of London gives 12 medals, none for geology alone. The Copley Medal last went to a geologist in 1964, its Davy Medal was awarded to a geochemist only once, in 1895, and its Hughes Medal names only a sprinkling of Earth scientists since its inception in 1902.The American Association for the Advancement of Sciences Abelson Prize  has never gone to a geologist.The Franklin Institute, in Philadelphia, has presented awards to geologists, but only 15 in the last hundred years. The 2005 award, a gold medal, went to Peter Vail for his fruitful work on sediments and ancient sea levels.The National Academy of Sciences has the Thompson Medal  for service to geology and paleontology, but it is given only intermittently. The Geology Medal from the Nobel People The Nobel Prizes caretakers at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences do have the Crafoord Prize, meant to recognize and support sciences beyond Nobels original three. The geosciences take turns with mathematics, astronomy, and biosciences, coming up every fourth year. The $500,000 prize is awarded to fund research, theres a nice medal, the academy holds a symposium for winners, and the King of Sweden is on hand, just like the real Nobel Prizes. But the Crafoord Prize generates no world headlines, no buzz, no barroom arguments. Its geologic winners are people of the first rank, but the quadrennial Crafoord Prize in Geosciences is clearly not as grand a thing as the Nobel, nor is it awarded for the same criteria. The Vetlesen Prize In my judgment, the nearest thing to a Nobel Prize in geology is the Vetlesen Prize, presented in New York City every other year or so for scientific achievement resulting in a clearer understanding of the Earth, its history, or its relations to the universe. G. Unger Vetlesen, a shipping magnate, cared deeply for Earth science, and his foundation awards the Prize and other support for geologic research. Recipients of the Vetlesen Prize, from Maurice Ewing in 1960 to Susan Solomon in 2012, are of the greatest eminence. The money is good ($100,000), theres a black-tie dinner at Columbia University, and the medal is handsome. But even the Vetlesen Prize does not carry Alfred Nobels charge of conferring the greatest benefit on mankind. By that criterion, who would geologys Nobelists be? Thats an interesting question. PS: The Geological Society presents an award to amateur geologists or those who inspire them: the R H Worth Prize. Its 2008 winner was Ian West, builder of the great Jurassic Coast site.

Spartans and Special Forces Free Essays

The Spartans were the Special Forces (SF) of their time. Now we have Delta Force, Navy SEALS, Green Berets, Marine Force RECON and Army Rangers. All are small elite groups of warriors trained to kill. We will write a custom essay sample on Spartans and Special Forces or any similar topic only for you Order Now How many of today’s warriors would equal one Spartan? Given the vast differences in technology and the way that battles are fought, who would come out on top? Spartan warriors are taken from their families at the age of seven to begin the training of a warrior. These boys where placed into groups also referred to as â€Å"packs† and sent to Agoge, what we today call boot camp. While in Agoge they became accustomed to hardship and given just minimal amounts of food and clothing to survive. By having just enough to get by they were encouraged to steal. If they where caught stealing they would be punished, not for stealing, but for being caught. The boys where also encouraged to compete in mock fights and games to promote unity. They learned songs of Spartan victories and how to read and write. They didn’t learn how to read and write for cultural purposes, but rather so that they could read maps. When the boys reached the age of 12 they became youths. Much more was demanded of youths than children. They began a more intensified physical training regime, were given extra tasks and discipline became harsher. They were forced to go barefoot and wear only a tunic in both summer and winter. When the boys reached the age of 18 they became young adults. They served as trainers for the youths. Also included in this category where the most promising youths. These elite boys where the ones that stood out among all others and chosen for possible leadership positions. When a Spartan turned 20 years of age he became eligible for service in the military. They joined a â€Å"messes† ( a group meal ) consisting of fifteen men of various ages. The ones who where not chosen for the messes where given a lesser citizenship. Only soldiers where of equal status and rank. Until the age of thirty the Spartan soldiers spent almost all of their time in the barracks with the unit. This included even soldiers that where married. Spartans remained in the military until the age of sixty. Today, at the age of seven, children are in school and living with their families in a warm home. They have enough food and clothing provided that there is no need to steal. The only type of training they are receiving is basic schooling and fighting gets you in nothing but trouble. The only other type of military training a child can receive would be if they where sent to a military academy and only wealthiest of families can afford to do that. At the age of 12 what was expected of youths is a little more demanding than that of a child. You are expected to do more chores and the physical training is from playing with your friends or gym class at school. We definitely didn’t wear a tunic in both summer and winter and you are only barefoot if you want to be. We have plenty of clothes for all seasons and footwear to stay protected from the elements. Now we reach the age of 18 and you have either graduated from high school or received your GED. Then and only then you are allowed to join the military after meeting one of these two goals. For the most fortunate of this age group, they may go to college. For the ones who want to become leaders in the military they go to a military academy like West Point or The Citadel to become officers. For those who chose to just join the military, they go to basic training. This is nothing compared to what the Spartans have already been through. They have already been in training now for 12 years. Basic training only lasts eight weeks and then you go on to your military occupational specialty (MOS) school which could last up to a year. If you become and infantryman like a Spartan begins as, you have an additional 11 weeks of training to complete. In the Army you can apply for Special Forces Green Berets, and if you are chosen you now begin more intensified training. If you are one of the few enlisted men or officers chosen for Special Forces you now must complete the SF Qualification (Q) Course. The Q Course can last anywhere from 12 to 24 months depending on the MOS you choose. Special Forces soldiers have four MOS categories to choose from: Weapons Expert (18B), Engineer (18C), Medic (18D) and Communications (18E). When an officer trains for SF they are only given one MOS to choose from Career Management (18A). When you have completed your SF training you are then assigned to your unit and then to your team. At age 20 you have been in the military for two to three years and have moved up the ranks to at least a Specialist or Corporal in the Army. If you chose to go one of the military academies you are half way through your training and the process of getting your degree, which is required to be an officer in the military. Unlike Spartans though, today you are allowed to be at home with your family and only if you are single you are not committed to staying in the barracks with the unit. There are other daily rituals that you do while with your unit, such as physical training (PT), training with the unit at the range and cleaning your equipment. Those are only a few of the things that you do with the unit. Special Forces units, unlike Spartans, have what is referred to as a Real World Mission, meaning they can deploy to any part of the world within 24 hours. They are SF Teams deployed today in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Enduring Freedom, the war on drugs in Central and South America and SF Teams in Africa on Peace Keeping missions. When you reach your 20 year mark in the military you have the choice of retiring or staying in longer. If I where to have stayed in for twenty years I would have retired at the age of 42. Being part of the military until the age of 60 is not required of any soldier today. Spartans, like the citizens of many other Greek States, where trained as soldiers and used the Phalanx formation in battle. The Phalanx formation was rectangular in design and the Spartans where the masters in the use of this formation. The traditional formation consisted of a strait line of men in a file 8 to 12 deep. This formation used pushing and required a lot of strength and stamina to endure long days of fighting. The Elite, as they are referred to, would take up the honorary right flank when fighting with their allies. When they broke through the line of the enemy, as they usually did, the Spartans would sweep left and roll through the enemy. The picture below is that of a Phalanx formation and shows the position of Elite forces on the honorary right side of the formation. [pic] [pic] The above picture is that of a Phalanx formation. The tactics of today’s soldier are vastly more superior because of the way battles are fought. Battles today are not fought by masses of men on one field of battle slugging it out with spears, swords and shields. Today, we rely heavily on technology to fight our battles. The Spartans didn’t have the luxury of a Tomahawk cruise missile or artillery barrage to soften a target before attacking the enemy. Special Forces soldiers are taught Small Unit Tactics, SERE (Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape) tactics, Combat Skills Training and Special Forces Field Craft Training. All of this training combined prepares the soldiers for their Unconventional Warfare Combat Exercise called â€Å"Robin Sage† at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. This exercise demonstrates the skills that the Special Forces soldiers have been taught over a 28 day period. For a Spartan to have achieved this type of training he would have been training for almost 14 years. The Spartan would have been much more refined in his combat skills than the average Special Forces soldier. Spartans wore hoplite armor which consisted of armor with flanged bronze cuirasses, leg greaves and a Corinthian style helmet. The weapons they would have carried into battle would have been a bronze shield weighing up to 15 pounds known as a Hoplon, a 6 to 10 foot spear called a Sarissas for thrusting at advancing soldiers and a two foot long sword called a Xiphos for thrusting and cutting in close combat. All of this equipment was simple and yet very effective on the battlefield. Below is a picture of a Spartan soldier with all of his equipment needed for battle. [pic] The equipment of a Special Forces soldiers varies drastically from one combat theatre to the next. The basic equipment used consists of a uniform with boots, knee pads, elbow pads, protective eyewear, Interceptor Body armor with Ballistic plates to stop a hi-powered rifle round, a ballistic helmet. The weapons carried by Special Forces Soldiers also vary from mission to mission. The basic weapons carried on a mission for an SF soldier are an M-4 5. 6 millimeter Carbine, M-9 9 millimeter pistol, a bayonet, ammunition for both the pistol and rifle and hand grenades. Below is a group of Special Forces Soldiers posing for a photo in Iraq. [pic] In my opinion, the Spartans would be the toughest of the tough. They endured many more hardships over the span of their lifetime. They where taken from their families at the age of s even and spent their lives in the military. We, on the other hand, have all the luxuries one could ever want, and more. We are not brought up to be killing machines like the Spartans were. Thankfully most of us will never have to kill another human being in our lifetime. References Headquarters, Department of the Army, Field Manual (FM) 3-05, Army Special Operations Forces, September 2006 Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Retrieved: December 12, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Forces_Qualification_Course Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Retrieved: December 12, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_Robin_Sage ABC News, Retrieved: December 12, 2009 from http://a.abcnews.com/images/International/ht_berets06_070530_ssh.jpg Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Retrieved: November 11, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Retrieved: November 11, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartan_Army Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Retrieved: December 12, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx_formation Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Retrieved: December 12, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hop2.jpg Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Retrieved: December 12, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greek_Phalanx.jpg Military Factory, website about ancient and modern weapons and armor Retrieved: December 13, 2009 from http://www.militaryfactory.com/ancient-warfare/spartan-hoplite.asp How to cite Spartans and Special Forces, Papers

Financial performance free essay sample

Financial statements are the medium by which a company discloses information concerning its financial performance. Followers of fundamental analysis use the quantitativeinformation gleaned from financial statements to make investment decisions. Before we jump into the specifics of the three most important financial statements income statements, balance sheets and cash flow statements we will briefly introduce each financial statements specific function, along with where they can be found. The Major Statements The Balance Sheet The balance sheet represents a record of a companys assets, liabilities and equity at a particular point in time. The balance sheet is named by the fact that a businesss financial structure balances in the following manner: Assets = Liabilities + Shareholders\ Equity Assets represent the resources that the business owns or controls at a given point in time. This includes items such as cash, inventory, machinery and buildings. The other side of the equation represents the total value of the financing the company has used to acquire those assets. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial performance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Financing comes as a result of liabilities or equity. Liabilities represent debt (which of course must be paid back), while equity represents the total value of money that the owners have contributed to the business including retained earnings, which is the profit made in previous years. The Income Statement While the balance sheet takes a snapshot approach in examining a business, the income statement measures a companys performance over a specific time frame. Technically, you could have a balance sheet for a month or even a day, but youll only see public companies report quarterly and annually. The income statement presents information about revenues, expenses and profit that was generated as a result of the business operations for that period. Statement of Cash Flows The statement of cash flows represents a record of a business cash inflows and outflows over a period of time. Typically, a statement of cash flows focuses on the following cash-related activities: Operating Cash Flow (OCF): Cash generated from day-to-day business operations Cash from investing (CFI): Cash used for investing in assets, as well as the proceeds from the sale of other businesses, equipment or long-term assets Cash from financing (CFF): Cash paid or received from the issuing and borrowing of funds The cash flow statement is important because its very difficult for a business to manipulate its cash situation. There is plenty that aggressive accountants can do to manipulate earnings, but its tough to fake cash in the bank. For this reason some investors use the cash flow statement as a more conservative measure of a companys performance. 10-K and 10-Q Now that you have an understanding of what the three financial statements represent, lets discuss where an investor can go about finding them. In the United States, the Securities And Exchange Commission (SEC) requires all companies that are publicly traded on a major exchange to submit periodic filings detailing their financial activities, including the financial statements mentioned above. Some other pieces of information that are also required are an auditors report,management discussion and analysis (MDA) and a relatively detailed description of the companys operations and prospects for the upcoming year. All of this information can be found in the business annual 10-K and quarterly 10-Q filings, which are released by the companys management and can be found on the internet or in physical form. (For more information, see Where can I find a companys annual report and its SEC filings? The 10-K is an annual filing that discloses a businesss performance over the course of the fiscal year. In addition to finding a businesss financial statements for the most recent year, investors also have access to the businesss historical financial measures, along with information detailing the operations of the business. This includes a lot of information, such as the number of employees, biographies of upper management, risks, future plans for growth, etc. Businesses also release an annual report, which some people also refer to as the 10-K. The annual report is essentially the 10-K released in a fancier marketing format. It will include much of the same information, but not all, that you can find in the 10-K. The 10-K really is boring its just pages and pages of numbers, text and legalese. But just because its boring doesnt mean it isnt useful. There is a lot of good information in a 10-K, and its required reading for any serious investor. You can think of the 10-Q filing as a smaller version of a 10-K. It reports the companys performance after each fiscal quarter. Each year three 10-Q filings are released one for each of the first three quarters. (Note: There is no 10-Q for the fourth quarter, because the 10-K filing is released during that time). Unlike the 10-K filing, 10-Q filings are not required to be audited. Heres a tip if you have trouble remembering which is which: think Q for quarter.

Healing Hospital a Daring Paradigm free essay sample

Healthcare providers need to reach people on a personal level. The concept of the healing hospital paradigm research reveals that specific design changes in healthcare environments can reduce patient stress and alleviate the consequences of that stress. These changes can also help reduce medical errors and hospital-acquired infections, while improving staff morale and efficiency (Kreitzer, 2011). This paper will identify the concepts of a healing hospital, advances in technology, the physical design of the hospital and culture which promote a holistic approach to patient care. Physical Environment The healing environment goes beyond just the basic construction materials that make up the hospital. An actual healing environment is constructed to help patients and families cope with the stresses of illness, and are free from overhead paging, in-room intercoms, loud machines or noise at the nurses station (Eberst, 2008). Hospitals need to be free from physical disturbances which can cause stress for the patient and their family. We will write a custom essay sample on Healing Hospital: a Daring Paradigm or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Many hospitals are under constant construction. The loud noise of this construction can inhibit healing. Healthcare providers need to be sensitive to this and be patient advocates to ensure that the construction noises are at times when the patient is not in a resting state. They can coordinate construction times during optimal patient awake times. This will allow patients with adequate rest periods to promote healing. Patients need internal transformation to completely heal. Human aura is an expression of what is taking place within the mind, the soul, and the spirit of the individual. When considering this the color of the environment plays a big part of the healing environment. The use of chromotherapy, color healing, is essential when considering a healing environment. Green is considered the universal color for healing (Stefanidakis, 2001). Using colors appropriately in the hospital environment can encourage emotional responses to enhance healing. If the incorrect colors are utilized the patient may present with symptoms of irritability instead of peacefulness or cheerfulness which could inhibit healing. Furthermore, the hospitals interior plays a major role in the healing process. Spirituality will be promoted if the interior reflects the hint of a religious atmosphere such as exercising specific religious artifacts spirituality will be promoted. Hospitals can also incorporate unrestricted visiting, decorative fountains, fireplaces, skylights and healing gardens to help provide a relaxing environment which decreases stress for their customer population. Technology Technology can help provide an overall healing environment. Medical advances in medicine and diagnostic procedures help provide treatment for the physical illness. Historically physicians treat physical illnesses, psychiatrists treat mental illnesses and hospital chaplains deal with spiritual issues. Many times the physicial treatment of illness is the main focus of hospital staff. However, technology can also provide a way of better communication between staff and physicians with the use of cell phones. Wireless monitoring systems and alarm silence mechanisms can provide a quieter, calmer environment with less patient stress which promotes a healing environment. Although technology helps promote the healing of physical illness patient satisfaction can be improved when a holistic approach is taken. The healing hospital incorporates technology and holistic patient care to provide body, mind and spiritual healing (Chapman, 2007). Spiritual Healing Spirituality is the search to know our true selves and discovering the real nature of consciousness (Russell, 2006). Many times healthcare providers think of patients based on their diagnosis. This thought process depersonalizes the patient. This can lead to care that is not holistic. Healing hospitals promote staff education and administrative support to provide patients with holistic care. If staff members enter patient rooms in a calm and unhurried manner the patient perceives this as a loving environment (Chapman, 2007). This approach to each patient encounter allows the staff to address all of the patient needs. In this situation patients will open up to the staff so that all patient needs are identified. The staff can then recognize these needs and utilize all available resources to aid the patient in the healing process. Spirituality plays a major role in the patient’s ability to cope with stress and illness (Ashcraft, Anthony Mancuso, 2010). Biblical Passage In times of illness people turn to their faith and pray for help. The bible states â€Å"The LORD sustains them on their sickbed and restores them from their bed of illness† (Psalm 41:3, New International Version). This reinforces the healing the concept of the healing hospital and the power of prayer. Prayer is one of the most helpful ways of inspiring hope in our patients and families. This passage reinforces the belief that spirituality is essential in the healing process. As healthcare providers we must be sensitive to our patient’s spirituality and incorporate this in our patient care. This is a paramount of the healing hospital paradigm. Incorporating spiritual healing provides holistic care that is essential in the restoration of health. Culture The concept of the healing hospital is gaining the attention of healthcare professionals when they consider holistic care. It is essential that hospital administrators as well as the staff embrace this concept to achieve holistic patient care. If everyone is not on the same page, holistic care cannot be achieved. Many times administrators are dollar focused. In this process they lose site of the aspect of holistic care. Many hospitals struggle financially and in a knee-jerk reaction jobs are eliminated. This often results in fewer nurses with larger patient loads. It also results in increased work demands of other employees. Cutting corners to save dollars affects all aspects of patient care. Patients often feel like a number or diagnosis and the personal aspect is lost. Patients’ emotional and spiritual needs are not met. How can hospital employees produce a healing atmosphere and provide holistic care to their patients with these obstacles? Holistic care can only be achieved in a loving, caring environment (Chapman, 2007). This atmosphere will produce better patient satisfaction scores and enhanced revenue for success. This also provides employee satisfaction which promotes better patient care. These concepts go hand in hand. The healing hospital implements processes based on subjective theories as well as scientific evidence based practices to promote all aspects of healing. Conclusion The healing hospital paradigm concept encompasses an all-inclusive treatment to meet patients’ needs for complete restoration. The components of this theory are a culture of loving care, a healing environment and technology with a combined work design.

The battle of little bighorn essays

The battle of little bighorn essays George A. Custer and the Army would have/could have won the Battle of Little Bighorn if they didnt spread out their men, followed orders, and arrived at the Little Bighorn River at the same time. The Battle of Little Bighorn began on June 25, 1876, because the Native Americans where tried of having to move all the time for White men, so they decided to take a stance and fight for their land. The Sioux and Cheyenne joined together in Montana to fight, lead by the great leader, Sitting Bull. George Armstrong Custer perhaps could have beaten the Indians if he didnt spread out all his regiments. Custer divided his force into 3 smaller ones and sent them off to different people. One of the 3 forces went to Captain Frederick Benteen to prevent the Indians from escaping up the upper valley of the Little Bighorn River. Now because of the split Custer was left with only 556 troops compared to the 1,000 or so men he would have had. If Custer didnt divided his men up he could have put up a long, mean battle against the Indians. George Custer could have won the battle if he had followed orders and didnt make rash decides. When Custer and his men where making their way along to the Sioux village along the Little Bighorn River, Custer spotted about 40 Indian warriors. Custer thought that those Indian warriors where scouts of the Sioux village and hastily decided to attack the Sioux village right away. Because of this hast attack, Custer did not realize what terrain he had to go through to attack the Native Americans, giving the Indians an advantage. If Custer followed the orders given by the Army he could have made better decisions which could have saved his life and his mens life. The Army would have won the Battle of Little Bighorn if all the cavalrys reached the Sioux village at the same time. George Custer and Marcus Renos men where the only ones who made it t ...

The Periclean Ideal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Periclean Ideal - Essay Example Aside from this, they do not only follow the rules and abide by the constitution because they are required but they willingly do it because they want to. Athenians had thus achieved something quite unique - being both ruled and rulers at one and the same time. This had forged a unique type of citizen. Clever, tolerant, and open minded, Although restricted to adult males of local ancestry, Athenian nationality established complete and active involvement in every judgment of the state with no consideration to affluence or class. The Athenians disqualified women, children, resident aliens, and slaves from political life, but the code of equal opportunity in the political population that they invented was the starting point of the contemporary thought of collective egalitarianism that flourished during the French Enlightenment. The Funeral Oration was declared in a battle that was obviously going to persist for some time. Its principal function, even more significant than flattering the deceased, was to make clear why they had been correct to risk their lives and why the living should be willing to do likewise. The deceased armed forces' goal was to safeguard a Constitution and a way of life that was distinctive and commendable of sacrifice. Pericles presented his visualization for Athens and the kind of inhabitant its exceptional constitution and way of life would create. It enclosed an apparent, if repeatedly implied, difference with the Spartan way of life, which so many Greeks accepted but which Pericles regarded as substandard to the Athens he envisioned. One of the strengths of the ideals was emphasis on competition, excellence, or merit and the undying glory that rewarded it. These aristocratic values never lost their powerful attraction to all Greeks, and Pericles claimed them for the Athenian democracy. He rejected the notion that democracy turned its back on excellence, reducing all to equality at a low level. Instead, it opened the competition for excellence and honor to all, removing the accidental barriers imposed in other constitutions and societies. The rewards conferred by these aristocratic virtues are precisely those sought by the epic heroes: greatness, power, honor, fame. For Pericles, Athens itself was a competitor for these prizes in the agon among poleis, past and present. But they are won by and for all the citizens of democratic Athens, and Pericles does not hesitate to assert the superiority of this collective achievement, going so far as to reject the need for an epic poet to guarantee its renown. Another strength of Pericles' ideals is the Athenians value for thought, deliberation, and discussion. Pericles praises the democracy's fondness for debate and discussion. Freedom of speech, extended to each and every citizen, was its hallmark and this freedom was the target of ridicule, not only by aristocrats who thought only those bred in political tradition or formally educated should speak, but also by the admirers of Sparta where decisions were made by acclamation without debate. Here Pericles has identified a critical element of his vision for Athens: its commitment to reason and intelligence. Thought is not a barrier to the achievement of heroic goals. In fact, it is a prerequisite for them, for the brave deeds performed by enraged heroes who give no thought to danger are, by his definition, not brave at all.

Problems of identity in the modern middle east Essay

Problems of identity in the modern middle east - Essay Example lt, the existence of such evidences is considered a rarity and must be evaluated for its authenticity, credibility, and basis for furthering assimilation knowledge. Rifa’a Rafi’ al-Tahtawis An Imam in Paris is one such document which is considered to be a comprehensive record of European society observed and narrated by an Arab. It is a descriptive narrative of the Middle Eastern scholars view of the West which has been used by many for the basis of constructing modern Egyptian collective memory. In the following report the researcher shall investigate how effective has al-Tahtawis An Imam in Paris been in endorsing collective memory of Egyptians, and its endorsement of Egyptian modern identity. The report shall explore how al-Tahtawis knowledge has helped Egyptians in streamlining and coming to terms with the Western culture through education, intellectual leadership and collective memory. During the early 19th century Muhammad Ali, an Egyptian ruler was motivated by the knowledge of its influential neighbor Europe and its impact on the world. Muhammad Ali devised a program for sending students to France or Italy to bring back Western knowledge to the Egyptian community. Muhammad Alis mission was to assimilate the knowledge fields, language, logic and arithmetic of the West to the East (particularly Egypt) to better comprehend European society. He was of the view that adaptation to European civilization would benefit the 19th century Muslims in becoming more intelligent in worldly history, and streamline their own perspective of the same. Among those who went on the mission to Paris, Rifaa Rafi al-Tahtawi was perhaps the most knowledgeable, who benefitted from the program, which was evident from his book or record of the French state (al-Tahtawi 32). From his description of the French state, al-Tahtawi learned much from the studies, discussion and knowledge gained from reading of the various fields. Al-Tahtawi describes the French as a modern state, with

Childrens Problems Begin At Home And End At Home Education Essay

Childrens Problems Begin At Home And End At Home Education Essay Parenting is fundamental to the survival and success of the human race. Everyone who has ever lived has had parents, and most adults in the world become parents. Opinions about parenting abound, but surprisingly little solid scientific information or considered reflection exists about parenting. Parenting is a job whose primary object of attention and action is the child. Children do not and cannot grow up as solitary individuals but parenting is also a status in the life course with consequences for parents themselves (Femmie Juffer, 2007)5. Children begin by loving their parents; as they grow older they judge them; sometimes they forgive them. Oscar Wilde (English humorist) Since Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby discovered that children use their parents as a secure base to fulfill their attachment and exploration needs, an impressive body of empirical research has been devoted to the search for the origins and consequences of (in)secure child-parent attachment relationships. Secure attachment relationships have been associated with better social competence and with more optimal parent and peer relationships than insecure attachments. The concept of secure attachment relationships and the related concept of parental sensitivity appear to be highly significant for the clinical field, including the development and evaluation of attachment-based interventions for at-risk and clinical families. The most important part of parenting is love and putting in time and energy to support children. Although love is the most important requirement, it is not enough. Unless parents understand their childrens unique needs, they are unable to give their children what children today need. Parents may be giving love, but not in ways that are most helpful to their childs development. Without an understanding of their childrens needs, parents cannot effectively support their children. On the other hand, some parents are willing to spend more time with their children, but dont because they dont know what to do or their children reject their efforts. So many parents try to talk with their kids, but their kids just close up and say nothing. These parents are willing, but dont know how to get their kids to talk. Some parents dont want to yell at, hit, or punish their children, but they just dont know another way. Since talking with their children has not worked, punishment or the threat of punishment is the only way they know. To give up old ways of parenting, new ways must be employed. The world is experiencing a crisis in parenting. Every day, there are increasing reports of child and teen violence, low self-esteem, Attention Deficit Disorder, drug use, teen pregnancy, and suicide. Almost all parents today are questioning both the new and old ways of parenting. Nothing seems to be working, and our childrens problems continue to increase. Some parents believe that these problems come from being too permissive and giving children too much, while others contend that outdated practices of parenting, like spanking and yelling, are responsible. Others believe that these new problems are caused by negative changes in society. Too much TV, advertising, or too much violence and sex on TV and in movies are pegged by many as the culprits. Certainly society and how it influences our children are part of the problem, and some helpful solutions can be legislated by the government, but the biggest part of the problem starts at home. Our childrens problems begin in the home and can be solved at home. Besides looking to change society, parents must also realize that they hold the power to raise strong, confident, cooperative, and compassionate children. To cope with the changes in society, parents need to change their parenting approach. During the past two hundred years, society has made an historic and dramatic change towards greater individual freedom and rights. Even though our modern Western society is now organized by the principles of freedom and human rights, parents still use parenting skills from the Dark Ages. Parents need to update their parenting skills to raise healthy and cooperative children and teens. Businesses know that if they are to stay competitive in the free market, they need to keep changing and updating. Likewise, if parents want their children to be able to compete in the free world, they must prepare their children with the most effective and modern approaches to parenting (John Gray, 2007)11. Several social trends are now challenging parent-child relationships. Single parent families may be the most at risk. Although, there always have been single parents in the United States, the causes of solitary parenting have changed. Single parents of previous generations were primarily widows and widowers. Parents are now more likely to be single because of divorce or never being married. Single parents in todays society may be more isolated and perhaps more disillusioned than the single parents of the past. The final report of the National Commission on Children, about 25 percent (more than sixteen million) children lived with only one parent in 1989, twice as many as in 1970. Parental employment places a great strain on parent-child relationships. Parents may have to depend on other caregivers, for example, to set limits and provide guidance during their childrens formative years. Between 1970 and 1990, the proportion of mothers with children under age six who were working or looking for work outside their homes rose from 32 percent to 58 percent. Today, approximately 10.9 million children under six have mothers in the paid labor force (National Commission on Children, 1991) 74. Three aspects of parenting have been highlighted as central to childrens early language and learning: (1) the frequency of childrens participation in routine learning activities (e.g., shared book reading, storytelling); (2) the quality of caregiver-child engagements (e.g., parents cognitive stimulation and sensitivity/responsiveness); and (3) the provision of age-appropriate learning materials (e.g., books and toys). Early and consistent participation in routine learning activities, such as shared book reading, storytelling, and teaching about the letters of the alphabet, provide children with a critical foundation for early learning, language growth and emergent literacy. A plethora of studies also indicate that the quality of parent-caregiver interactions play a formative role in childrens early language and learning (Tamis-LeMonda, 2009)52. In the past, psychologists studying the development of children focused almost exclusively on childrens relationships with their mothers. Today, they have come to agree that fathers play a unique and crucial role in nurturing and guiding childrens development. Many experts now believe that fathers can be just as nurturing and sensitive with their babies as mothers. As their children grow, fathers take on added roles of guiding their childrens intellectual and social development. Even when a father is just playing with his children, he is nurturing their development (Ross Parke, 2006)25. NEED FOR THE STUDY The National Commission on Childrens national survey titled Speaking of Kids (1991) reports that a majority of American adults, regardless of age, race, marital, or parental status believe that it is harder to be a parent today than it used to be (88 percent) and that parents today often are uncertain about what is the right thing to do in raising their children (86 percent). Compared to ten years ago, respondents believed children today are worse off with respect to their moral and religious training (53 percent) and the supervision and discipline they receive from their parents (56 percent). Children themselves wished that their parents were more diligent in setting and enforcing rules. Thirty-nine percent of children 10-17 said they sometimes wished their parents were stricter or kept a closer watch over them and their lives. Another 8 percent said they wish this a lot. Only about 1 percent said they never wanted their parents to be stricter or more attentive. Because of the rapid pace of change in our society and an increasing awareness of and respect for cultural and values diversity, parents will continue to be challenged to expand on traditional styles of childrearing. The well-being of our nations children is clearly at risk. According to the National Commission on Children (1991), one in four adolescents engage in social behaviors that can lead to serious longterm difficulty; many more are vulnerable for future problems (National Commission on Children, 1991)72. Most parents do their best to provide a loving and nurturing atmosphere for their children. Poor parenting includes the following behaviors: Abuse An environment where there is a lot of arguing and conflict Ignoring the child Some parents are overwhelmed by their own personal situations and are unable to look after their childrens needs appropriately. The children who were ignored or who lived in high-stress households had trouble expressing themselves verbally. They also had trouble with social skills. Sharing toys was difficult for them, and they had trouble playing. The British study concluded that the disadvantaged children actually started preschool with underdeveloped brains. The children who were having trouble with their social skills could be helped if they received intensive help from their teachers. Unfortunately, teachers are busy caring for the entire class and have trouble finding the time to give the children who are behind the level of attention they need (JC Redmond, 2009)66. A study by UNICEF of 21 industrialized countries, An Overview of Child Wellbeing in Rich Countries (2007), came to the remarkable conclusion that there is no strong relationship between per capita GDP and child wellbeing. A government-funded review in Britain of research spanning 25 years found that the incidence of many mental health problems in children had doubled since the 1970s. Today, one in ten British children thats more than a million suffers from a clinically recognizable disorder, such as depression, anxiety, anorexia or severe anti-social behaviour (Tom McGurk, 2009)71. Studies have shown that children who go through their parents divorce have more conduct problems, symptoms of psychological maladjustment, lower academic achievement, Social difficulties and problematic relationships with both parents. In United States of America, reported statistics tells that Children from fatherless homes are: 5 times more likely to commit suicide 32 times more likely to run away from home. 20 times more likely to have behavioral disorders 14 times more likely to commit rape. 9 times more likely to drop out of high school. 10 times more likely to abuse chemical substances (become drug addicts) 9 times more likely to end up in a state-operated institution 20 times more likely to end up in prison. 3 million teenage girls have sexually transmitted diseases At least 1 out of 4 teenagers (between 14years to 19years) suffer from sexually transmitted diseases (CRISP, 2009)73. Some of the harsh realities faced by children in India are presented below: Less than half of Indias children between the age 6 and 14 only go to school. 95 in every 1000 children born in India do not see their fifth birthday. Amongst married women in India today, 75% were under age at the time of their marriages. 58% of Indias children below the age of 2 years are not fully vaccinated. And 24% of these children do not receive any form of vaccination. More that 50% of Indias children are malnourished. More than 50 per cent of girls fail to enroll in school; those who do are likely to drop out by the age of 12. CHILD LABOR 19% of children are employed for domestic help. 25% of the victims of commercial sexual exploitation in India are below 18 years of age. Large numbers of children work simply because there is no alternative since, they do not have access to good quality schools. Poor and bonded families often sell their children to contractors who promise lucrative jobs in the cities and the children end up being employed in brothels, hotels and domestic work. Many run away and find a life on the streets (Sharanam Centre, 2007)75. Everyone knows good parenting is good for the health of children, but studies show that good parenting also results in children who grow up to be healthier adults. Research indicates that adults who had stressful relationships with their parents in childhood are more likely to suffer from disease in midlife. Since parents are usually the most meaningful source of social support for much of early life, the perception of parental caring, and parental loving itself, may have important regulatory and predictive effects on biological and psychological health and illness (Claudia M. Lenart, 2009)55. Joint custody and shared parenting (i.e., joint physical and legal custody) have been studied for more than a quarter-century, with the majority of studies indicating significant benefits for children. When parents cooperate and minimize conflict, children do better with shared parenting/joint physical custody. Parenting Can Override Effect of Genes in How Babies Respond to Stress, the study found both genes and parenting were important to the development of how infants brain which helps to regulate cardiac responses to stress. The findings suggest that although genes play a role in the development of physiological responses to stress, environmental experiences such as mothers sensitive care-giving behavior can have a strong influence, enough to change the effect that genes have on physiology very early in life (W. Roger Mills-Koonce, 2008)68. It has been known for a long time that living in poverty damages childrens intellectual abilities. Good Parenting Raises Kids Mental Skills. Study Shows Better Parenting Skills Sharpen Minds of Kids in Poverty (Martin Downs, 2008)62. Babies need predictability and security, which they get when their mother and father respond consistently, promptly, and appropriately to their cries, smiles and other signals. As a baby develops a relationship with his or her mother and father, he comes to prefer them to other adults, in a process known as attachment. Psychologists agree that babies with secure attachments to their parents have better chances to develop into happy, successful, and well-adjusted children and adults. The investigator had personal experience about the effects of parenting both its ill effects and good effects. Investigator being specializing in the field community health nursing felt the need and was motivated to conduct the study on knowledge regarding the parenting roles among the couples of urban and rural community and teach them about parenting roles with the help of multimedia package. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM A comparative study to assess the effectiveness of multimedia package on knowledge regarding parenting roles among the couples of selected urban and rural community. OBJECTIVES To assess the existing level of knowledge regarding parenting roles among couples of the urban and rural community. To assess the effectiveness of multimedia package on knowledge regarding parenting roles among couples of the urban and rural community. To compare the pretest and posttest level of knowledge regarding parenting roles between the couples of urban and rural community. To compare the pretest and posttest level of knowledge regarding parenting roles between the male and female parent of urban and rural community. To compare the pretest and posttest level of knowledge regarding parenting roles between the male parent of the urban and rural community. To compare the pretest and posttest level of knowledge regarding parenting roles between the female parent of the urban and rural community. To associate the mean improvement of knowledge score on parenting roles with the selected demographic variables. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS Effectiveness Refers to the outcome of the multimedia package regarding parenting roles among couples of urban and rural community, which will be evaluated by the structured knowledge questionnaire prepared by the investigator. Multimedia Package Refers to logically designed informations with the use of modern media to discuss and teach regarding parenting roles. This package consists of teaching material in the form of visual literacy and videos in a sequence which explains the parents role in general parenting, developmental milestones, cognitive development, moral development and learning disabilities. Parenting It refers to the performance of various roles and activities of raising a child rather than the biological relationship by the parents. Parenting Roles It refers to the role of the parents in raising the child. Roles included in this study are about General Parenting which includes meaning and concepts of Responding, Preventing, Monitoring, Mentoring and Modeling; Developmental Milestones which includes meaning, identification of age specific tasks of the children, ways to help the child to attain milestones; Cognitive Development which includes meaning, stages of cognitive development and ways to improve the cognitive development; Moral Development which includes meaning, stages of moral development and ways to improve the moral development of the child and Learning Disabilities which includes meaning, causes, early warning signs and ways to take care of child with such problem. Knowledge Refers to the ability of couples to understand and answer the question on parenting roles as elicited by structured knowledge questionnaire. Couples Husband and wife of selected urban and rural community with 1-6 yrs of married life having children. ASSUMPTIONS Couples may have some knowledge regarding parenting roles. Adequate knowledge on parenting roles may help the couples to provide effective parenting. Adequate knowledge regarding parenting roles may prevent many childhood problems. NULL HYPOTHESES NH1: There is no significant difference between pre and post test level of knowledge regarding parenting roles among the urban and rural couples at the level of p NH2: There is no significant difference between pre and post test level of knowledge regarding parenting roles between the urban and rural couples at the level of p NH3: There is no significant difference between pre and post test level of knowledge regarding parenting roles between the male and female parent of urban and rural community at the level of p NH4: There is no significant difference between pre and post test level of knowledge regarding parenting roles between the urban male parent and rural male parent at the level of p NH5: There is no significant difference between pre and post test level of knowledge regarding parenting roles between the urban female parent and rural female parent at the level of p NH6: There is no significant association between the mean improvement knowledge score on parenting roles and selected demographic variables of the urban and rural couples at the level of p DELIMITATIONS The study is delimited to a period of four week. The study is delimited to the couples living under the same roof. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK A conceptual framework or model is made up of concepts that are mental image of a phenomenon. These concepts are linked together to express their relationship between them. The conceptual framework is based on TRANSTHEORETICAL MODEL/ SOCIAL CHANGE MODEL (JAMES.O.PROCHASKA). This framework consists of the following elements. PRECONTEMPLATION: The theory says that the Individual has the problem (whether he/she recognizes it or not) and has no intention of changing and goes through the process of Consciousness raising (information and knowledge), Dramatic relief (role playing) and Environmental reevaluation (how problem affects physical environment). In this study the researcher perceives the importance of the problem and prepares the multimedia package with extensive review of literature and experts opinion to improve the knowledge of couples in selected urban and rural community regarding the parenting roles on general parenting, childs cognitive development, developmental milestones, moral development and learning disabilities. CONTEMPLATION: This stage involves the Individuals recognition of the problem and he/she is seriously thinking about changing and goes through the process of Self-reevaluation (assessing ones feelings regarding behavior). In this study the researcher approaches the couples of selected urban and rural community and obtains their consent to participate in the study after providing adequate information regarding the need for the study and benefits thereby makes the couples to become aware of the problem. PREPARATION: In this stage the individual recognizes the problem and intends to change the behavior through the process of Self-liberation (commitment or belief in ability to change). In this study the researcher conducts the pre test assessment of knowledge regarding parenting roles among the couples of selected urban and rural community with the help of the structured questionnaire. The structured interview schedule consists of demographic variables like age, gender, educational status, occupation, family income per month, religion, type of family, no of years of married life, no of living children, age of the child, place of living, mode of getting information about parenting and structured questionnaire containing questions regarding parenting roles on general parenting, childs cognitive development, moral development, developmental milestones and learning disabilities. The researcher prepares the couples for gaining the knowledge regarding parenting roles. ACTION: In this stage the Individual has enacted consistent behavior change through the process of Reinforcement management, Helping relationships, Counterconditioning and Stimulus control. In this study the researcher by providing the multimedia package which consists of lecture in the form of pictorial and video shows regarding parenting roles on general parenting, childs cognitive development, moral development, developmental milestones and learning disabilities provides a helping relationship to gain adequate knowledge to provide good parenting to their children. MAINTENANCE: In this stage individual maintains new behavior. In this study the researcher conducts the post test assessment of knowledge after one week from the day of intervention using the same structured questionnaire which was used for pre test to know the improvement in the knowledge. If couples had adequate knowledge reinforcement was given by providing booklet as maintenance of knowledge and couples with inadequate knowledge reassessment was done. OUTLINE OF THE REPORT Chapter I : Dealt with the background of the study, need for the study, statement of the problem, objectives, operational definitions, null hypotheses, assumptions, delimitations and conceptual framework. Chapter II : Deals with the review of related literature. Chapter III : Presents the methodology of study and plan for data analysis. Chapter IV : Focuses on data analysis and interpretation. Chapter V : Enumerates the discussion of study. Chapter VI : Gives the summary, conclusion, implications, recommendations and limitations. The report ends with selected Bibliography and Appendices.

Plato Thought on Education Essay

â€Å"The object of education is to turn the eye which the soul already possesses to the light. The whole function of education is not to put knowledge into the soul, but to bring out the best things that are latent in the soul, and to do so by directing it to the right objects. The problem of education, then, is to give it the right surrounding. † (Plato) In the fifth century B. C. E Plato was born into an aristocratic Greek family. As a youngster his intention was to be engaged in politics. However in his twenties his thoughts were change after coming into the circle of Socrates, who was to be the lasting influence on his thought. Hence, following the execution of Socrates on accusations of the corruption of youth Plato abandoned direct involvement in politics and turned to writing and education. Plato was well known for his works which were all written in the form of dialogues. In the Republic, written about 385 B. C. E and in the Laws, his last work, on which he was still at work at the end of his life Plato addresses childhood in the context of education. Plato saw education as â€Å"the one great thing†, no scheme of human life was so important to him, since he rejected birth as a criterion for distributing the function of education. He believes that the aim of education was the harmonious development of human personality with the central purpose was to produce the right type of individualities in the state. Therefore, Plato saw the state primarily as an educational entity. His scheme of education was greatly influenced by Spartan system of education. In the Spartan system the family had no control over the education of its members. The state was controlling all aspects of education. In the Republic, Plato devotes much attention to the education of the child as a future citizen. He believes that the child belongs to the state and its education is the responsibility of the state in addition education must be compulsory for all. Furthermore, Plato was not concerned with training children for a trade but rather with giving them an education in virtue, which is to produce â€Å"a keen desire to become a perfect citizen who knows how to rule and be ruled† in turn. Education was seen as the correct channelling of pains and pleasures, aiming at establishing â€Å"a nature in which goodness of character has been well and truly established† so as to breed a familiarity with reason, since Plato saw reason as man’s true nature, therefore it has to be nurtured from childhood by irrational means. In Plato views education was to begin before birth therefore he recommends that the care of the soul and body of the child begin with prescribed walks for the pregnant woman before birth. For the first two years of life children should be kept well wrapped up, even though they should be taken to the country or on visits. Also, they should be carried until they are old enough to stand on their own to prevent subjecting their limbs to too much pressure. This was necessary since the main importance of movement lies in its influence on the early development of a well-balanced soul and the cultivation of the body is mainly for the soul’s sake. Another aspect of education was the formation of character. Plato saw storytelling as the main tool in the development of character. Since stories should provide models for children to imitate, seeing that as ideas taken in at an early age become indelibly fixed. Moreover storytelling must begin at an earlier age than physical training. â€Å"Physical training may take two or three years, during which nothing else can be done; since weariness and sleep are unfavourable to study. Physical training was vital as the exercises were an important test of character. Additionally a child’s character will also be formed while he or she plays Plato attached much importance to children’s games. Even though the sexes are to be separated at the age of six, he believes that children are to be brought together for games. Teachers must provide children with miniature tools of the different trades, so that they can use the children’s games to channel their pleasures and desires toward the activities they will engage in when they are adults. However, children and adults should not imitate base characters when playing or acting, for fear of forming a habit that will become second nature. In addition to storytelling and play, reading, writing, music and arithmetic were an integral part of Plato’s educational system. Beginning at the age of ten a child is required to spend three years on reading, writing, and the poets, and another three learning the lyre. Then they would study elementary mathematics up to the age of seventeen or eighteen. He thought that all of this was to be done with as little compulsion as possible in, order to for them to learn â€Å"enough to fight a war and run a house and administer a state† (Republic, bk.7, 535-541). This period of education could not be extend or curtail neither by the child nor father either out of enthusiasm or distaste. Children were expected to work on their letters until they are able to read and write, but any whose natural abilities have not developed sufficiently by the end of the prescribed time to make them into quick or polished performers should not be pressed. Enforced exercise does no harm to the body, but enforced learning will not stay in the mind (Laws, bk. 7, 536). Plato also felt the necessity of moral education. The members of a society should learn that they are the members of one society and that they should live in the spirit of harmony and co-operation. Plato realizes that the better way of imparting moral instructions, is the sanction of supernatural authority. Plato also believes with conviction that a nation cannot be strong unless it believes in God. Certainly, Plato’s views on education have significantly influenced educational thought to this day and have become the basis of many educational policies His system of education includes instructions for the training of body, mind and soul. Plato also believed that an ideal state, embodying the highest and best capabilities of human social life, can really be achieved, if the right people are put in charge. Since the key to the success of the whole is the wisdom of the rulers who make decisions for the entire city, His view of philosophy as an educational activity and of education as the development of reason, the responsibility of which lies squarely with the state, is still a living educational challenge.

Problems 50 & 51 (Ch. 22)

50. (LO3)Jack and Jill are owners of UpAHill, an S corporation. They own 25 and 75 percent, respectively. a. What amount of ordinary income and separately stated items are allocated to them for years 1 and 2 based on the information above? 1st Year or Year 1: Ordinary income is 42,500. 00 42,500*25% = 10,625 is allocated to Jack 42,500*75% = 31,875 is allocated to Jill Separately Stated Items: Interest Income 2,000. 00 500. 00 is allocated to Jack 1,500. 00 is allocated to Jill Dividend Income: 1,000. 00 250. 00 allocated to Jack 750. 00 allocated to Jill b. Complete UpAHill’s Form 1120S, Schedule K, for year 1. See attached c. Complete Jill’s 1120S, Schedule K-1, for year 1. See attached Schedule51. (LO3, LO4)Assume Jack and Jill, 25 and 75 percent shareholders in UpAHill corporation, have tax bases in their shares at the beginning of year 1 of $24,000 and $56,000, respectively. Also assume no distributions were made. Given the income statement above, what are their tax bases in their shares at the end of year 1. Considering the 24,000 and 56,000 respectively, Jack tax basis is calculated with his original cost of 24,000 + 10,625 + 500 + 125 = 32,250. 00 Jill 56,000 + 31,875 + 1,500 + 375 = 89,750. 00 1. LO1) Joey is a 25 percent owner of Loopy LLC. He no longer wants to be involved in the business. What options does Joey have to exit the business? The remedy to Joeys issue should be contained within the operating agreement. In some states such as CA, this is a requirement for LLC’s. In some cases where operating agreements are not available, a buy out membership interest dissolve the LLC may be the only options. 2. (LO1) Compare and contrast the aggregate and entity approaches for a sale of a partnership interest. Two approaches govern the rules governing the federal taxation of partnerships and partners– aggregate and entity. The aggregate, also known as conduit approach views a partnership as though each partner owned the assets and liabilities of the partnership. An entity approach treats the partnership and its partners as separate entities. Whereas congress is aware, the two approaches are confused due to nonspecific statutory language offering guidance. Under the aggregate approach, section 701 recommends that the owners are subject to tax, not the partnership. The entity approach is recommended by the IRS that subchapter K follow this approach with respect to partnership interest transactions. What restrictions might prevent a partner from selling his partnership interest to a third party? Restrictions on the activities of general partner places a limit on the amount of private investments management of a venture capital can make from any private investment. General partners are limited in their ability to sell their general partnership interest in the venture fund to a third party. These sales would reduce the general partner’s incentive to monitor and produce an effective exit strategy for the venture fund portfolio companies.

The Hero and the Saint Paul and Augustine - 656 Words

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